Dynamic structural changes of single-atom catalysts (SACs)
are
key to many reactions that were reported to be catalyzed by supported
single atoms. To understand these changes, systematic in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS)
and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiments were performed
under reducing (1% CO) and oxidizing (1% CO + 1% O2) reaction
atmospheres at room temperature over CeO2-supported late
transition metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt) synthesized via two different
methods (wet impregnation and precipitation) to account for the influence
of surface properties. As a general trend, the CO vibrational frequencies
downshifted under the CO atmosphere, which we assigned to the formation
of clusters. Upon changing the gas mixture to more oxidizing (1% CO
+ 1% O2), single sites are retained as evidenced by the
CO vibrational frequencies at higher wavenumbers. Among the investigated
metals, Pt2+ and Pd2+ are more prone to cluster
formation, and Rh3+ and Ru4+ are found to be
stable as single sites following the order Rh > Ru > Ir >
Pt > Pd.
In combination with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations
of CO vibrational frequencies, we were able to assign shifts to changes
in the oxidation state of the metals. These findings thus serve as
a benchmark for ceria-supported Pd, Pt, Ru, Ir, and Rh SACs.