The use of three-dimensional (3D)
printing for biomedical applications
has expanded exponentially in recent years. However, the current portfolio
of 3D printable inks is still limited. For instance, only few protein
matrices have been explored as printing/bioprinting materials. Here,
we introduce the use of zein, the primary constitutive protein in
maize seeds, as a 3D printable material. Zein-based inks were prepared
by dissolving commercial zein powder in ethanol with or without polyethylene
glycol (PEG400) as a plasticizer. The rheological characteristics
of our materials, studied during 21 days of aging/maturation, showed
an increase in the apparent viscosity as a function of time in all
formulations. The addition of PEG400 decreased the apparent viscosity.
Inks with and without PEG400 and at different maturation times were
tested for printability in a BioX bioprinter. We optimized the 3D
printing parameters for each ink formulation in terms of extrusion
pressure and linear printing velocity. Higher fidelity structures
were obtained with inks that had maturation times of 10 to 14 days.
We present different proof-of-concept experiments to demonstrate the
versatility of the engineered zein inks for diverse biomedical applications.
These include printing of complex and/or free-standing 3D structures,
tablets for controlled drug release, and scaffolds for cell culture.