In Vitro Bioactivity of Methanolic Extracts from Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Schiede ex Standl., Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Cirsium mexicanum DC., Eryngium carlinae F. Delaroche, and Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Used in Traditional Medicine in Mexico

Abstract

Seven out of eight methanolic extracts from five plants native to Mexico were inactive against ten bacterial strains of clinical interest. The fruit extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides inhibited the bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (MIC = 4375 μg/ml), Escherichia coli (MIC = 1094 μg/ml), and Salmonella typhimurium (MIC = 137 μg/ml). The fruit extract of C. ambrosioides was with CC50 = 45 μg/ml most cytotoxic against the cell-line Caco-2, followed by the leaf extract from Pithecellobium dulce (CC50 = 126 μg/ml); interestingly, leaves of C. ambrosioides (CC50 = 563 μg/ml) and bark of P. dulce (CC50 = 347 μg/ml) extracts were much less cytotoxic. We describe for the first time the cytotoxic effect from extracts of the aerial parts and the flowers of Cirsium mexicanum (CC50 = 323 μg/ml and CC50 = 250 μg/ml, resp.). Phytochemical analysis demonstrated for both extracts high tannin and saponin and low flavonoid content, while terpenoids were found in the flowers. For the first time we report a cytotoxicological study on an extract of Eryngium carlinae (CC50 = 356 μg/ml) and likewise the bark extract from Amphipterygium adstringens (CC50 = 342 μg/ml). In conclusion the fruit extract of C. ambrosioides is a potential candidate for further biological studies.

Anacardic Acids from Amphipterygium adstringens Confer Cytoprotection against 5-Fluorouracil and Carboplatin Induced Blood Cell Toxicity While Increasing Antitumoral Activity and Survival in an Animal Model of Breast Cancer

“…The hexane extract was separated by column chromatography (CC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) ( Figure 2 A). Subsequent 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry analysis ( Figure 2 B and Supplementary Figure S1 ) indicated a substantial presence of 6SA in fraction 68 ( Supplementary Materials : spectral data), as expected from the previous literature [ 6 , 9 , 11 ]. According to Mata et al [ 9 ] and Castillo-Juárez et al [ 6 ], the extraction method used here for the bark of A. adstringens produces an AA mixture containing 6SA (approximately 50%), 6-hexadecyl salicylic acid (6–7%), 6-heptadecyl salicylic acid (28–29%), 6-nonadecyl salicylic acid (7.5–8.5%), and monounsaturated 6-[15′(Z)-nonadecenyl]-salicylic (6.5–8.6%) [ 6 , 9 ].…”

“…The bark of A. adstringens has been used in Mexican traditional medicine mainly to treat gastrointestinal diseases that range from gastritis to gastric cancer. Some reports indicate that the main biologically active compounds in A. adstringens are the AAs and that 6SA is the component that displays antimicrobial and antineoplastic effects [ 6 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 19 , 24 ]. We isolated and identified a mixture of AAs with a high proportion of 6SA from a hexane extract of the bark of A. adstringens with the same characteristics as other groups have reported [ 6 , 9 , 12 ].…”

“…Phytochemical studies of A. adstringens bark have revealed many active compounds, such as triterpenes and flavonoids, as well as long-chain phenolic acids that are classified together as anacardic acids (AAs) [ 6 , 8 , 9 ]. The biological effects of AAs include cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities [ 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. The main AA found in the bark of A. adstringens is 6-pentadecyl salicylic acid (6SA) ( Figure 1 ) , which is a well-characterized histone acetyltransferase inhibitor [ 15 , 16 ] that shows cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities in different cancer cell lines [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] and antineoplastic activity in xenografts in immunodeficient [ 19 , 24 ] and autologous cancer [ 25 ] models.…”

Ethnomedical uses, chemical constituents, and evidence-based pharmacological properties of Chenopodium ambrosioides L.: extensive overview

“…Leaf and fruit methanol extract produced contradictory results than other plant extracts on the enterocyte cell line Caco-2 demonstrated. Thus, fruit extract was the most cytotoxic with CC 50 = 45 ± 7 μg/ml; however, leaf extract was the least cytotoxic with IC 50 = 563 ± 66 μg/ml [258]. However, essential oils from the ethanol extract exhibited a potent anticancer property on RAJI cells.…”

“…The fruit methanol extract showed antibacterial potential against three strains, including Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhimurium with MIC values (μg/ml) of 4375, 1094, and 137, respectively. As a standard drug, Chloramphenicol produced the best effect MIC values against those strains (MIC = 6 μg/ml ) [258]. Hydroethanolic leaf extract showed a weak antimycobacterial activity on Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp.…”