In vitroeffect of 4-pentylphenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol on murine splenic lymphocyte populations and cytokine/granzyme production

Abstract

View Crossmark data Citing articles: 3 View citing articles JOURNAL OF IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY, 2016 VOL. 13, NO. 4, 548-556 http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/1547691X.2016 RESEARCH ARTICLEIn vitro effect of 4-pentylphenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol on murine splenic lymphocyte populations and cytokine/granzyme production Gasoline exhaust particles (GEP) and diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are considered to be some of the most important air pollutants. Among the many constituents in these pollutant particles, 4-pentylphenol (PP) and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC) are considered important phenolics in GEP and DEP, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in vitro exposure to commercially-supplied PP and PNMC on populations of, and production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and granzyme-B by, mouse splenic lymphocytes. After in vitro exposure to PP or PNMC for 48 h, splenocyte viability was measured, cell phenotypes, e.g. B-cell (CD19), T-cells (CD3), T-cell subsets (CD4 and CD8), were quantified by flow cytometry and production of IL-2, IL-4 and granzyme-B was assessed via ELISA. The oxidative toxicity of PP and PNMC toward the splenocytes was also evaluated using measures of hydroxyl radical and malondiadehyde production and changes in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities. Results showed that in vitro exposure to PP and PNMC inhibited splenic cell parameters in a dose-related manner. Exposure to PP and PNMC decreased splenic T-lymphocyte populations and splenocyte production of cytokines and granzyme B, as well as induced oxidative stress in the splenocytes. The results also showed that the percentages of CD3 + T-cells overall and of CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells therein, among exposed splenocytes, were reduced; neither compound appeared to affect levels of CD19 + B-cells. Overall, the suppressive effects of PP were stronger than PNMC. The data here provide support for the proposal that PP-/PNMC-induced toxicity in splenocytes may be due at least in part to oxidative damage and that PP and PNMC -as components of GEP and DEP -might significantly impact on splenic T-cell formation/release of cytokines/granzymes in situ.ARTICLE HISTORY

Can Walnut Serve as a Magic Bullet for the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease?

“…In another animal study that employed specific pathogen-free Kunming mice [83], walnut phenolic extracts significantly attenuated immunotoxicity in splenocytes exposed to 4-pentylphenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, both of which are components of vehicle emissions that are known to be toxic to spleen, an immune organ that links innate and adaptive immunity [84]. Treatment with walnut phenolic extracts-"containing least 16" phenols, including ellagitannins, quercetin, and gallic acid-was shown to significantly increases in the percentages of splenic T lymphocytes (CD3+ T cells) and T cell subsets (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), as well as the production of T cell-associated cytokines (IL-2 and IL-4,) in cells exposed to the splenotoxins.…”

3-Methyl-4-nitrophenol Exposure Deteriorates Oocyte Maturation by Inducing Spindle Instability and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

“…PNMC exerts adverse effects on human and animal health. It induces the development of airway diseases, breast adenocarcinoma, and immune disease [10][11][12][13]. As a nitrophenol derivative, PNMC is an endocrine-disrupting chemical and shows estrogenic and antiandrogenic activity [14][15][16].…”

Walnut Polyphenol Extract Attenuates Immunotoxicity Induced by 4-Pentylphenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol in Murine Splenic Lymphocyte

“…Diesel exhaust particles confer toxicity in human neutrophil granulocytes, rat alveolar macrophages, and murine RAW 264.7 macrophages [ 10 , 11 ], and suppress cytokine release [ 12 ], significantly diminishing immune function [ 13 , 14 ], while gasoline exhaust particles have also been shown to inhibit T-cell proliferation [ 15 ]. Among the bioactive compounds found in vehicle emissions, two chemicals, 4-pentylphenol (PP) and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC), have been shown to significantly inhibit splenocyte viability and cytokine production, indicating immunotoxicity of the two vehicle exhaust [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”