In Vitro Effects of Ginseng and the Seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa on Gut Microbiota of Rats with Spleen Deficiency

Li, Fangtong; Yang, Di; Song, Feng-Yuan; Liu, Ming; Dai, Yulin; Zheng, Fei; Hao, Yanpeng

doi:10.1002/cbdv.202000199

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…found that the extract of ginseng and the seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in rats with spleen deficiency syndrome [20] . These results were consistent with the results of the current study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…spinosa significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes in rats with spleen deficiency syndrome. [20] These results were consistent with the results of the current study. A number of scholars focusing on the therapeutic effects of ginseng polysaccharides on diarrhoea mice have found that relative to the blank control group, the antibiotic-induced diarrhoea mouse model had a significantly increased abundance of Bacteroidetes.…”

Section: Key Phylotypes Of the Gut Microbiotasupporting

confidence: 93%

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Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora

Zheng

Zhang

et al. 2021

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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Ginsenosides, including Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc, belong to protopanaxadiol-type saponins in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Their contents are high in P. ginseng. They could inhibit oxidant stress, enhance immunity, lower blood sugar, resist tumor cells and facilitate other physiological activities. This study aimed to explore the interaction between ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc and the intestinal flora of healthy people. It also sought to analyse the biotransformation products and pathways of these ginsenosides in in-vitro human intestinal bacteria and their effects on the diversity of human intestinal flora. Human intestinal bacteria were incubated with ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc at 37 °C under anaerobic conditions. Samples were taken at different timepoints. The transformed products were identified by rapid high-resolution liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. After 48 h of transformation, the transformed product of ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc was ginsenoside compound K. The transformation rates were 83.5 %, 88.7 %, 85.6 %, and 84.2 %. 16S rRNA sequencing technology was applied to the bioinformatic analysis of faecal samples incubated for 48 h. Relative to the blank control, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria significantly increased at the phylum level. Moreover, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes significantly decreased in ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Escherichia significantly increased, whereas that of Dorea, Prevotella and Megasphaera significantly decreased in all groups. These results showed that Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 and Rc could improve the structure and diversity of human intestinal flora and balance the metabolic process.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Key Phylotypes Of the Gut Microbiotasupporting

confidence: 93%

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora

Zheng

Zhang

et al. 2021

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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“…Escherichia-Shigella has been known as harmful bacteria because of its poor ability to produce SCFA and could cause intestinal inflammation [ 58 ]. The negative correlation between β -glucosidase and Escherichia-Shigella has never been reported, but the proliferation of Escherichia-Shigella could be inhibited by traditional Chinese medicinal materials, which would then influenced glucose and amino acid metabolism [ 59 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Fiber-Degrading Enzyme Kinetics of Cellulose, Arabinoxylan, β-Glucan and Glucomannan by Pig Fecal Microbiota

Bai

Zhou

et al. 2021

Microorganisms

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Non-digestible polysaccharides are of great significance to human and animal intestinal health. Cellulose, arabinoxylan, β−glucan and glucomannan were selected in the present study to investigate the fermentation characteristics and fiber-degrading enzyme kinetics by inoculating pig fecal microbiota in vitro. Our results showed that fermentation of arabinoxylan and β-glucan produced the highest amount of acetate and lactate, respectively. The abundance of Prevotella_9 was the highest in β-glucan group and positively correlated with lactate and acetate. Glucomannan fermentation produced the highest amount of butyrate, and the abundance of Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group and Bacteroides were the lowest. A significant negative correlation was found between Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group, Bacteroides and butyrate. Exo-β-1,4-xylanase had the highest activity at 24 h during arabinoxylan fermentation. The activity of β-glucosidase and β-mannosidase at 36 h were higher than those at 15 h in the glucomannan group. The abundance of Prevotella_9 was positively correlated with β-glucosidase while Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group and Bacteroides were negatively correlated with β-xylosidase. Our findings demonstrated the β-glucan and arabinoxylan promote proliferation of Prevotella_9, with the preference to secret β-glucosidase, β-mannosidase and the potential to produce lactate and acetate. Butyrate production can be improved by inhibiting the proliferation of Lachnospiraceae_XPB_1014_group and Bacteroides, which have the lack of potential to secret β-xylosidase.

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“…Lactobacillus genus includes common probiotic species that can repair damaged intestinal mucosa ( Wu et al, 2020 ), improve aerobic endurance capacity and energy harvest ( Huang et al, 2018 ), and resist the invasion of Shigella flexneri in human intestinal epithelial cells ( Song et al, 2020 ). Some studies have demonstrated that in the gut microbiota of SDS rats Lactobacillus decline and Proteobacteria increase ( Ma et al, 2019 ; Gao et al, 2020 ; Li et al, 2020 ; You et al, 2020 ). Similarly, we observed that in SDS mice Shigella abundance increased, whereas CPP intervention markedly enriched Lactobacillus and inhibited Shigella .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Codonopsis pilosula Polysaccharide Improved Spleen Deficiency in Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Energy Related Metabolisms

Cao

Zhai

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Codonopsis Radix (CR) is an important traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS). Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharides (CPP) in CR are considered to be responsible for tonifying the spleen function; however, the mechanisms of the polysaccharides have remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate the treatment mechanisms of CPP in SDS mice using a combinational strategy of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and targeted metabolomics. Here, studies demonstrated that CPP had invigorating effect in vivo in Sennae Folium-induced SDS in mice by organ indexes, D-xylose determination, gastrointestinal hormones levels and goblet cells observation. Antibiotic treatment revealed that the intestinal microbiota was required for the invigorating spleen effect of CPP. Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis found that CPP significantly enriched probiotic Lactobacillus and decreased the abundance of some opportunistic pathogens, such as Enterococcus and Shigella. The metabolic profile analysis of the colonic content revealed that 25 chemicals were altered significantly by CPP, including amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates and carnitine etc., which are mainly related to “energy conversion” related processes such as amino acids metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and nitrogen metabolism. Spearman’s correlation assays displayed there were strong correlations among biochemical indicators-gut microbiota-metabolomics. In summary, these results provided a new perspective for CPP improving SDS by regulating energy metabolism related bacteria and pathways.

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In Vitro Effects of Ginseng and the Seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa on Gut Microbiota of Rats with Spleen Deficiency

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora

In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Fiber-Degrading Enzyme Kinetics of Cellulose, Arabinoxylan, β-Glucan and Glucomannan by Pig Fecal Microbiota

Codonopsis pilosula Polysaccharide Improved Spleen Deficiency in Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Energy Related Metabolisms

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In Vitro Effects of Ginseng and the Seed of Zizyphus jujuba var. spinosa on Gut Microbiota of Rats with Spleen Deficiency

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora

In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Fiber-Degrading Enzyme Kinetics of Cellulose, Arabinoxylan, β-Glucan and Glucomannan by Pig Fecal Microbiota

Codonopsis pilosula Polysaccharide Improved Spleen Deficiency in Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Energy Related Metabolisms

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Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora

Biotransformation of Ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rc) in Human Intestinal Bacteria and Its Effect on Intestinal Flora