“…Several techniques have been used to optimize the large-scale mass production of parasitoids in laboratories. Some of these approaches include, the in vitro development of parasitoids (Strand et al ., 1988; Nettles, 1990; Consoli and Vinson, 2004; Shirazi, 2006; Paladino et al ., 2010; Kim et al ., 2018), cold storage of parasitized hosts (Noble, 1937; Dass and Ram, 1983; Gautam, 1986; Ganteaume et al ., 1995 a , 1995 b ; Bayram et al ., 2005; Liu et al ., 2014; Tunca et al ., 2014; Kidane et al ., 2015), cold storage of parasitoids as pupae or adults (Gautam, 1986; Foerster et al ., 2004; Foerster and Doetzer, 2006; Yılmaz et al ., 2007; Mousapour et al ., 2014; Afshari and Nazari Fandokht, 2019; Cira et al ., 2021) and cold storage of unparasitized hosts (Corrêa-Ferreira and Moscardi, 1993; Kıvan and Kılıç, 2005; Mahmoud and Lim, 2007; Alim and Lim, 2011; Spínola-Filho et al ., 2014; Singhamuni et al ., 2015; Wong et al ., 2021).…”