In vitroskin permeation and decontamination of the organophosphorus pesticide paraoxon under various physical conditions – evidence for a wash-in effect

Abstract

Misuse of various chemicals, such as chemical warfare agents, industrial chemicals or pesticides during warfare or terrorists attacks requires adequate protection. Thus, development and evaluation of novel decontamination dispositives and techniques are needed. In this study, in vitro permeation and decontamination of a potentially hazardous compound paraoxon, an active metabolite of organophosphorus pesticide parathion, was investigated. Skin permeation and decontamination experiments were carried out in modified Franz diffusion cells. Pig skin was used as a human skin model. Commercially produced detergent-based washing solutions FloraFree(™) and ArgosTM were used as decontamination means. The experiments were done under "warm", "cold", "dry" and "wet" skin conditions in order to determine an effect of various physical conditions on skin permeation of paraoxon and on a subsequent decontamination process. There was no significant difference in skin permeation of paraoxon under warm, cold and dry conditions, whereas wet conditions provided significantly higher permeation rates. In the selected conditions, decontamination treatments performed 1 h after a skin exposure did not decrease the agent volume that permeated through the skin. An exception were wet skin conditions with non-significant decontamination efficacy 18 and 28% for the FloraFree(™) and Argos(™) treatment, respectively. In contrast, the skin permeation of paraoxon under warm, cold and dry conditions increased up to 60-290% following decontamination compared to non-decontaminated controls. This has previously been described as a skin wash-in effect.

Percutaneous Toxicity and Decontamination of Soman, Vx, and Paraoxon in Rats Using Detergents

“…The lowest decontamination effectiveness was achieved against paraoxon (PR=1.6 to 2.6), followed by soman (PR=2.6 to 3.6). A more effective decontamination was achieved against VX (PR=10.0 to 64.8) which penetrated tissue slowly (15) (14,19,20). Although the chemical composition of the tested detergents was similar, the highest decontamination effectiveness against all of the tested OPs was consistently achieved with Argos TM , which was also the most effective in the decontamination of sulphur mustard (9).…”

In Vitro Skin Permeation of Detergents and Detergent-Based Decontamination Mixture

“…The enhancing effect is probably due to a deleterious impact of detergents on the natural skin barrier which means skin delipidation, irritation and membrane fluidization [5,12,13] and/or increasing of skin hydration [5] which leads to higher permeation rates [4]. Thus, an expected toxic effect of detergents is related to the mentioned characteristic causing mainly contact dermatitis [6] and a potential enhancing effect of other toxic co-permeants, e.g.…”

“…Static diffusion cells were used for detergent permeation experiments as described previously [3,4]. Samples of lateral thoracic skin (thickness of 500 μm) were derived from white domestic Landrace pigs (Sus scrofa domestica; female; b.w.…”

Temperature-controlled ultrasound- and vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction combined with GC for the determination of the concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides in beverage samples

“…Most of these compounds irreversibly inhibit cholinesterases, especially acetylcholinesterase, in the central and peripheral nervous systems of organisms to cause respiratory paralysis . Because of the high toxicity and wide application of organophosphorus compounds, increasingly serious public concerns regarding food safety and the environment have been raised . OPPs enter drinking water and beverages through a variety of sources.…”