In vitro Tolerability of Biofilm-Forming Trimethoprim-/Sulfamethoxazole-Resistant Small Colony Variants of Staphylococcus aureus Against Various Antimicrobial Agents

Research and Application of Chitosan Nanoparticles in Orthopedic Infections

“… 39 Other characteristics of SCVs include their small colony size, slow growth, downregulation of virulence genes, and upregulated genes of adhesiveness. 40 SCVs allow S. aureus to adapt to the environment, reversible phenotypic variations resulting in a quasi-dormant state of infection, 41 and can transform into planktonic bacteria under suitable conditions. 42 …”

The Staphylococcus aureus ArlS Kinase Inhibitor Tilmicosin Has Potent Anti-Biofilm Activity in Both Static and Flow Conditions

“…A typical TCST is composed of two proteins: a histidine kinase (HK), which is a transmembrane protein, and a response regulator (RR), which is a cytoplasmic DNA binding protein. HK is considered a promising drug target [ 47 , 48 , 49 ] because its autophosphorylation is mediated via the conserved catalytic and ATP-binding (CA) domain that contains a typical substrate binding pocket, which may be suitable for drug screening [ 32 ]. In this work, we screened the FDA-approved drug library for ArlS HK inhibitors and found that tilmicosin has a strong inhibitory effect on ArlS kinase activity.…”

The Location of Biofilms on Chronic Prosthetic Joint Infections and the Ramifications for Clinical Practice

“…The current theory for why debridement and implant retention surgery (DAIR) for chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is associated with poor outcomes is because the chronicity and thus hardiness of biofilms deposited on prosthetic surfaces are unable to be removed by debridement and antibiotics alone [ 1 , 2 ]. However, it is well recognized that biofilms form rapidly, within 24 hours, and these newly formed biofilms are already highly resistant to antibiotics [ 3 , 4 ]. Therefore, there is a gap in knowledge on why chronic PJI treated with DAIR is associated with poor outcomes.…”