In vivobiocompatibility assessment of poly (ether imide) electrospun scaffolds

Abstract

Poly(ether imide) (PEI), which can be chemically functionalized with biologically active ligands, has emerged as a potential biomaterial for medical implants. Electrospun PEI scaffolds have shown advantageous properties, such as enhanced endothelial cell adherence, proliferation and low platelet adhesion in in vitro experiments. In this study, the in vivo behaviour of electrospun PEI scaffolds and PEI films was examined in a murine subcutaneous implantation model. Electrospun PEI scaffolds and films were surgically implanted subcutaneously in the dorsae of mice. The surrounding subcutaneous tissue response was examined via histopathological examination at 7 and 28 days after implantation. No serious adverse events were observed for both types of PEI implants. The presence of macrophages or foreign body giant cells in the vicinity of the implants and the formation of a fibrous capsule indicated a normal foreign body reaction towards PEI films and scaffolds. Capsule thickness and inflammatory infiltration cells significantly decreased for PEI scaffolds during days 7-28 while remaining unchanged for PEI films. The infiltration of cells into the implant was observed for PEI scaffolds 7 days after implantation and remained stable until 28 days of implantation. Additionally some, but not all, PEI scaffold implants induced the formation of functional blood vessels in the vicinity of the implants. Conclusively, this study demonstrates the in vivo biocompatibility of PEI implants, with favourable properties of electrospun PEI scaffolds regarding tissue integration and wound healing. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Decellularized Cortical Bone Scaffold Promotes Organized Neovascularization In Vivo

“…35,36 During the foreign body response, monocytes and macrophages are activated, which leads to collagen matrix deposition and angiogenesis. [35][36][37][38][39] Similar studies have concluded that when macrophages are activated by a foreign material surface, they produce a greater number of vessels and angiogenic factors such as MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. [38][39][40][41] Moreover, cell infiltration is a critical process in promoting tissue integration between implanted material and host tissue.…”

“…[35][36][37][38][39] Similar studies have concluded that when macrophages are activated by a foreign material surface, they produce a greater number of vessels and angiogenic factors such as MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. [38][39][40][41] Moreover, cell infiltration is a critical process in promoting tissue integration between implanted material and host tissue. [42][43][44] The presence of a thick fibrous capsule could potentially be inhibiting these processes that allow for successful implant and host integration.…”

Three Dimensional Collagen Scaffold Promotes Intrinsic Vascularisation for Tissue Engineering Applications

“…As such, the porous structure of scaffolds facilitates vascularization, and the collagen scaffolds are biocompatible when implanted in vivo in small animals. The murine subcutaneous implant model is often used to study the biocompatibility of scaffolds [ 27 ] as well as angiogenesis during wound healing [ 28 ]. An infiltration of host cells into the collagen scaffolds was seen at week 1 and an accumulation of host cells at the central region occurred from week 2.…”

The pathology of the foreign body reaction against biomaterials

“…The inflammatory response and capsule formation seem also to depend on the shape of the implant. Capsule thickness and inflammatory infiltration cells significantly decreased for scaffolds during days 7–28, while remaining unchanged for films produced from the same polymer . In addition, experimental prevention of integrin binding of PMN and incubation of PMN with hydrophobic polymers in a protein‐free setting is not completely abolishing acute inflammation .…”