In vivo genotoxicity assessment of sunset yellow and sodium benzoate in female rats

Abstract

The use of additives in different food products is growing up. It has attracted the attention towards the relation between the mutagenic potential of human diseases and food additives. Sunset yellow (SY) and sodium benzoate (NaB) are used as colorant and food additives worldwide. In the present study, genotoxic effects of different combinations of SY and NaB were assessed in vivo in female rats. Different combinations of SY and NaB were dissolved in water and administered daily to six animals groups for 12 weeks. Group 1 (control) received water, Group 2 received 5 mg/kg body weight (bw) SY plus 10 mg/kg bw NaB, group 3 received 5 mg/kg SY plus 100 mg/kg NaB, group 4 received 50 mg SY plus 100 mg/kg NaB, group 5 received 50 mg/kg SY plus 10 mg/kg NaB, group 6 received 200 mg/kg SY plus 750 mg/kg NaB, and group 7 received 20 mg/kg SY plus 75 mg/kg NaB. Genotoxicity investigations (Chromosomal aberration of bone marrow cells, Comet assay and DNA profile of liver cells) were carried out at the end of the experiment. Administration of 200 mg/kg SY plus 750 mg/kg NaB (group 6) induced the highest abnormalities percentage (1.5%) and showed structural abnormalities including end-to-end association, fragmentation, chromatid break, ring chromosome, and centric fusion break of chromosomes. Different combinations of SY and NaB induced an increase in the frequency of tailed nuclei (DNA damage) in liver cells. A concentration-dependent distinct DNA smear pattern was observed in the DNA isolated from liver cells of animals administered SY and NaB. In addition, administration of SY plus NaB resulted in an abnormal distribution of serum proteins. The results showed that the SY plus NaB could have genotoxic potential. With the increase applications of food additives, this study reported important data about screening the potential impacts.

In vitro effects of Sunset Yellow on Chromosomal Damage and Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes

“…These data confirmed the previously reported in vitro and in vivo clastogenic effects of SY. According to Ali et al [25], a mixture of SY and sodium benzoate led to structural abnormalities in rat chromosomes such as fragmentation, ring chromosome, centric fusion breakage, and chromatid breakage. In mice, SY has been reported to have genotoxic effects based on the increased frequency of CAs in bone marrow and germ cells [3].…”

Toxicity of Sunset Yellow FCF and Tartrazine Dyes on Dna and Cell Cycle of Liver and Kidneys of the Chick Embryo: The Alleviative Effects of Curcumin

“…The activation is accomplished by acetyltransferases, which are widely distributed in animals [8,40] . Ali et al [41] also found that oral administration of mixture of SY (as coloring agent) and sodium benzoate (as a food additives) in different concentrations to female rats for 12 weeks caused DNA damage in their hepatocytes, which confirmed by different types of comet assay. In addition, Hassan [8] reported that rats orally administrated two concentration of Tz (7.5 and 15 mg/kg body weight/day) for 7 weeks caused DNA damage in liver cells that increased by increasing the concentration.…”

Microbial Degradation of Azo Dyes: Approaches and Prospects for a Hazard-Free Conversion by Microorganisms

“…Another example is the dye Amaranth, which was shown to induce DNA damage in the colon epithelium of mice [33][34][35], while Brilliant Black BN has shown genotoxicity in human lymphocytes based on in vitro experiments [36]. Sunset Yellow FCF can cause DNA damage and has shown to have toxic effects on the reproductive and neurobehavioral system of tested rodents and chick embryos [37,38]. Tartrazine was shown to bind to albumin, induce neurotoxicity, impair mental functions, and promote various reactions such as angioedema, nasal congestion, itchy skin, and hives [23].…”