In Vivo Measurements of Facial Tissue Thicknesses in American Caucasoid Children

Abstract

Ultrasonic determinations were made of facial tissue thicknesses in 50 healthy American caucasoid children, ranging in age from 4 to 15. Twenty measurements were taken at sites along the median, right sagittal, and right lateral planes. A static scanner was used in the B-mode. Three measurements significantly increased with age, the mid-philtrum (rs = 0.43, p < 0.01) in females, the mental sulcus (rs = 0.30, p < 0.05) in males, and the frontal eminence (rs = 0.32, p < 0.05) in both sexes. Moreover, 25% of the measurements, while not statistically significant, decreased with increasing age. These data provide a basis for facial reproductions in caucasoid children.

Facial soft tissue thickness in skeletal type I Japanese children

“…Japanese boys and girls demonstrated greater soft tissue thickness than Hispanic or black American children [29]. Four studies of white children have had widely diverging results [28][29][30][31], but in every comparison here, facial soft tissue thickness in Japanese children was greater than that of white children at points (5) labrale superius, (8) labiomentale and (9) pogonion, and similar at points (3) rhinion and (10) gnathion, in both sexes.…”

“…The true measurements were recalculated on the basis of an approximately 10% enlargement by the X-ray images [19]. The maximum and minimum values and the means and standard deviations for each measurement were calculated and recorded, and these parameters were compared with those for other races and for Japanese adults [28][29][30][31][32]. Statistical analyses of the differences between the sexes were performed, using a t-test.…”

Facial soft tissue thickness in Japanese children

“…Measures of facial soft tissue thickness are indispensable for facial reconstruction techniques used in drawing, sculpture, and computer-assisted images in forensic anthropology [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Soft tissue thickness can be measured by many methods; e.g., puncture [13,14], X-ray [15][16][17][18][19][20][21], computed tomography (CT) [22,23], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [24], and ultrasonography [25][26][27][28][29].…”

Facial soft tissue thickness in Japanese female children

“…[22][23][24][25]. Japanese girls demonstrated greater soft tissue thickness than Hispanic or black American children.…”