Intra vitam lumbar and post mortem ventricular cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive interleukin-6 in Alzheimer's disease patients

Abstract

We conclude that elevations of CSF IL-6-IR can not serve as a diagnostic marker of the disease, but, hypothetically, could reflect presence or activity of IL-6 mediated immunological phenomena in single AD patients.

Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease

“…For example, in AD patients, CSF interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been found to be increased (Blum-Degen et al, 1995; Jia et al, 2005; Martinez et al, 2000; Rosler et al, 2001b), decreased (Yamada et al, 1995), or unchanged (Engelborghs et al, 1999; Hampel et al, 1997; Hasegawa et al, 2000; Lanzrein et al, 1998; Marz et al, 1997; Tarkowski et al, 1999). Plasma/serum IL-6 results have similarly been mixed (Angelis et al, 1998; Kalman et al, 1997; Lanzrein et al, 1998; Licastro et al, 2000; Maes et al, 1999; Tarkowski et al, 1999).…”

Intrathecal levels of IL-6 in Alzheimer’s disease

“…A specific immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) revealed a significant increase of IL-6 immunoreactivity in CSF of both AD and non-AD dementias compared to controls (P \ 0.03), despite broad overlap. AD patients with late onset ([65 years) had significantly higher values than those with early onset (P \ 0.05), but, as in Galimberti's cohort, there were no correlations of CSF IL-6 with age, MMSE scores, disease duration, or CSF Ab-42 and T-tau [4,6]. These data and increased CSL IL-6 levels in hypertensive encephalopathy [7] suggest that it may reflect IL-mediated immunologic phenomena in the course of neurodegenerative processes.…”

Cytokines in terms of QSAR. Review, evaluation and comparative studies

“…Concerning the CXCR2 data (Table 18), our efforts to obtain a statistically significant equation led to Equation (23), in which we observed an intercorrelation between molar volume MgVol and Verloop's sterimol parameter for the maximum width in position 4 of the ring B 5(X) . Both parameters also are highly correlated to lipophilicity.…”

“…The IL-6 receptor consists of an alpha chain that binds with IL-6, and a signal transducer (gp130), which is shared among receptors for the IL-6-related cytokine subfamily [20]. As IL-6 participates in various cellular and physiological responses during the inflammatory reaction [21], IL-6 inhibitors can be used in treatment of psychiatric disorders, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, cancer, depression SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research 885 and rheumatoid arthritis [22][23][24]. Small compounds that are identified as IL-6 inhibitors (Figure 2) include nitrogen-containing benzophenones [25], β-chloro-vinyl chalcones [26,27], 4-styryl-coumarin derivatives [28], derivatives of N-aryl urea [29], methoxylated chalcones [30], thalidomide analogues [31], pyrazolo [3,4-b]pyridines [32], 3,5-diaryl pyridines and meta-terphenyls [33], 2,2-bisaminomethylated aurone analogues [34], pyrazole chalcones [35] and pyridine-5(6H)-one analogues [36].…”