Jasminum flexile Flower Absolute from India – a Detailed Comparison with Three Other Jasmine Absolutes

Abstract

Jasminum flexile flower absolute from the south of India and the corresponding vacuum headspace (VHS) sample of the absolute were analyzed using GC and GC-MS. Three other commercially available Indian jasmine absolutes from the species: J. sambac, J. officinale subsp. grandiflorum, and J. auriculatum and the respective VHS samples were used for comparison purposes. One hundred and twenty-one compounds were characterized in J. flexile flower absolute, with methyl linolate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate, (2E,6E)-farnesol, and benzyl acetate as the main constituents. A detailed olfactory evaluation was also performed.

Jasminum grandiflorum: Influence of Flower Processing and Geographic Origin on Flower Absolute Composition

“…In all, J. grandiflorum absolutes from the 3 locations, benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, 2,3-epoxy squalene, phytol, isophytol, (E)-phytyl acetate, and squalene were identified as the main ingredients. These findings were in line with previously published J. grandiflorum compositions of this species from India, 25,26,60,62,63 Egypt, 26,59,60,64 and Morocco. 59,60 Variations range between 6.1% for squalene and 54.5% for indole in the absolutes from Egypt M-Q and between 4.3% for squalene and 43.4% for (E)-phytol in the Moroccan absolutes R-T, respectively ( Table 5) compared with the Indian commercial absolutes F-J ranging from 16.0% in benzyl acetate and 89.7% in indole.…”

“…However, this phenomenon is not observed in J. sambac where both compounds are detected at very low levels (<0.1%). 13,25 This together with the fact that even higher amounts of both volatiles 1 and 2 were found in J. auriculatum 25,41 could indicate more toward their role to attract different pollinators. [42][43][44] In general, the mechanism of plant volatiles' formation and the reason for emission or changes in composition are still in its infancy and deserve further attention.…”

“…23 We focused our analyses on 42 constituents, covering major ingredients as well as compounds that help to distinguish between various Jasminum species including 2 epimeric methyl jasmonates. 24 Thirty-eight of these molecules were identified in a previous publication, 25 and 4 components were additionally added as they are monitored by other companies. 26 2-Phenylethyl alcohol (retention index 1090), phenylacetaldehyde oxime (1250), 1(10),5-germacradien-4-ol (1561), (2E,6E)farnesol (1698), (2E,6E)-farnesyl acetate (1817), and 2-phenylethyl salicylate (1915) were not detected in any J. grandiflorum absolute A-T and therefore not reported in Tables 2 and 3.…”

Edible Flowers: Antioxidant Compounds and Their Functional Properties

“…For non-food applications, edible flowers can function as raw materials to produce perfume, natural dye, and cosmetic products. Jasmine flower (Oleaceae family) is predominantly used in the fragrance industry because it contains more than a hundred aromatic compounds [6,7], as well as Polianthes tuberosa flower that is also a good source of essential oils [8]. In contrast, pigmented flowers are primarily used for natural dye.…”

Jasminum sambac Flower Absolutes from India and China – Geographic Variations

“…We focused our analyses on 41 constituents, covering major ingredients as well as compounds which help to distinguish between various Jasminum species [12]. Thirty-seven of these were identified in a previous publication [12] and four were additionally added as they are monitored by other companies [13]. These 41 compounds represented between 88.1% (J) and 67.5% (N) of the GC-detectable fraction of the absolutes.…”