Klebsiella pneumoniae Produces No Histamine: Raoultella planticola and Raoultella ornithinolytica Strains Are Histamine Producers

Abstract

Histamine fish poisoning is caused by histamine-producing bacteria (HPB). Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca are the best-known HPB in fish. However, 22 strains of HPB from fish first identified as K. pneumoniae or K. oxytoca by commercialized systems were later correctly identified as Raoultella planticola (formerly Klebsiella planticola) by additional tests. Similarly, five strains of Raoultella ornithinolytica (formerly Klebsiella ornithinolytica) were isolated from fish as new HPB. R. planticola and R. ornithinolytica strains were equal in their histamine-producing capabilities and were determined to possess the hdc genes, encoding histidine decarboxylase. On the other hand, a collection of 61 strains of K. pneumoniae and 18 strains of K. oxytoca produced no histamine.Histamine fish poisoning (HFP) caused by eating spoiled fish happens throughout the world (2, 3). HFP is usually a rather mild illness; however, serious complications, such as cardiac and respiratory manifestations, occur rarely in individuals with preexisting conditions (12). The implicated fish are mainly of the families Scomberesocidae and Scombridae (the so-called scombroid fish) and contain large amounts of histamine (21). A hazardous level of histamine is produced by the microbial decarboxylation of the free histidine in the muscular tissue of fish. Enteric bacteria have been reported to be the dominant histamine-producing bacteria (HPB) in fish (19). In 1979, Taylor et al. reported that histamine-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain T2 was isolated from spoiled tuna sashimi (20). K. pneumoniae has been the best-known HPB ever since that report, and Klebsiella oxytoca is also known as an HPB from fish (13). However, K. pneumoniae strain T2 was later sent to the American Type Culture Collection (now in Manassas, Va.) and identified as Klebsiella planticola (ATCC 43176) in 1987. This strain has been reported to possess the hdc genes, encoding pyridoxal phosphate-dependent histidine decarboxylase (8).In 1981, Bagley et al. proposed the name Klebsiella planticola for "Klebsiella species 2" to distinguish it from both K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca (1). Moreover, K. planticola, together with Klebsiella ornithinolytica and Klebsiella terrigena, was classified in the new genus Raoultella in 2001 (5). Nevertheless, Raoultella planticola cannot be distinguished from K. pneumoniae or K. oxytoca by using commercialized systems, such as API 20E (Biomérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). Additional tests are necessary to differentiate R. planticola from Klebsiella species (14, 15). Similarly, in 1989 the name Klebsiella ornithinolytica was proposed for "NIH group 12" at the National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan, and "Klebsiella group 47" at the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga., which showed positive reactions in indole production and ornithine decarboxylase tests (6, 18). K. ornithinolytica was also classified in the genus Raoultella.K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca had been shown to be HPB in several reports, whereas R. planticola had ...

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“…It includes Raoultella ornithinolytica, R. electrica, R. planticola, and R. terrigena. R. ornithinolytica is widely distributed in aquatic flora, fishes and insects, but it was associated with histamine poisoning in fish [2]. Human infections are often less reported earlier, but different cases of bacteremia are reported due to R. terrigena [3], R. planticola [4] and R. ornithinolytica [5,6].…”

A rare human infection of Raoultella ornithinolytica in a diabetic foot lesion

“…An ability to convert histidine to histamine, leading to fish poisoning had been reported previously 2. This bacterium was first described in 1989 by Sakazaki et al3 There are only three case reports of human infection by R ornithinolytica in the literature.…”

“…Histamine fish poisoning is caused by histamine-producing bacteria (HPB). R ornithinolytica is a histamine-producing bacterium that subsequently causes fish poisoning 2. Human infections related to R ornithinolytica are exceedingly rare.…”

Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Raoutella Ornithinolytica in a Patient With Bladder Cancer

“…2001 yılında yaptıkları çalışmada, 16S rRNA ve rpoB gen sekanslarına dayanarak Klebsiella'dan ayırmışlar ve R. ornithinolytica olarak adlandırmış-lardır. 3 Fenotip olarak Klebsiella ailesine benzemesi tanısal anlamda zorluğa neden olmakta ve üremeler Klebsiella olarak bildirilebilmektedir. 7 Literatürdeki olgu sunumlarında çalışılan antibiyotik duyarlılık-larında R. ornithinolytica'nın ampisilin dirençli olduğu görülmektedir.…”

“…2 Gıda zehirlenmelerinde vücutta kızarıklığa neden olmasına rağmen literatürde bildirilen hastaların yalnızca birinde vücutta yaygın kızarıklık gözlenmiştir. 3 Nadir bir enfeksiyon etkeni olarak bildirilmesine rağmen diyabetik ayak, enterik ateş, renal apse ve özellikle de safra yolları enfeksiyonlarında izole edilmiş-tir. Hastalarda bakteremi ve septik şoka neden olabilmektedir.…”