I know better! Emerging metacognition allows adolescents to ignore false advice

Moses‐Payne, Madeleine E.; Habicht, Johanna; Bowler, Aislinn; Steinbeis, Nikolaus; Hauser, Tobias

doi:10.1111/desc.13101

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…M. Fleming et al, 2014; Maniscalco & Lau, 2012). Based on previous research that included negative meta- d ′ values (Moses-Payne et al, 2021), we report analyses including negative values in the present study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired metacognition and reduced neural signals of decision confidence in adults with traumatic brain injury.

Fitzgerald¹,

Arvaneh²,

Carton³

et al. 2022

Neuropsychology

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Objective: Metacognition reflects our capacity to monitor or evaluate other cognitive states as they unfold during task performance, for example, our level of confidence in the veracity of a memory. Impaired metacognition is seen in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and substantially impacts their ability to manage functional difficulties during recovery. Recent evidence suggests that metacognitive representations reflect domain-specific processes (e.g., memory vs. perception) acting jointly with generic confidence signals mediated by widespread frontoparietal networks. The impact of neurological insult on metacognitive processes across different cognitive domains following TBI remains unknown. Method: To assess metacognitive accuracy, we measured decision confidence across both a perceptual and memory task in patients with TBI (n = 27) and controls (n = 28). During the metacognitive tasks, continuous electroencephalography was recorded, and event-related potentials (ERP) were analyzed. Results: First, we observed a deficit in metacognitive efficiency across both tasks suggesting that patients show a loss of perceptual and memorial evidence available for confidence judgments despite equivalent accuracy levels to controls. Second, a late positive-going ERP waveform (500-700 ms) was greater in amplitude for high versus lowconfidence judgements for controls across both task domains. By contrast, in patients with TBI, the same ERP waveform did not vary by confidence level suggesting a deficient or attenuated neural marker of decision confidence postinjury. Conclusions: These findings suggest that diffuse damage to putative frontoparietal regions in patients disrupts domain-general metacognitive accuracy and electrophysiological signals that accumulate evidence of decision confidence. Key PointsQuestion: What are the neurocognitive correlates that underlie impaired self-awareness and confidence (metacognition) in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Findings: We report a domain general deficit in metacognitive ability in TBI patients across two cognitive domains (perception and memory) associated with reduced modulation of a centro-parietal late positivity waveform in TBI patients. Importance: These findings provide insight into how disruption of metacognitive processes may underlie inflexible or perseverative behaviors that are common features following brain injury. Next Steps: Future studies could examine these candidate cognitive and electrophysiological markers in the monitoring of targeted treatment options.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impaired metacognition and reduced neural signals of decision confidence in adults with traumatic brain injury.

Fitzgerald¹,

Arvaneh²,

Carton³

et al. 2022

Neuropsychology

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“…Interestingly, we found that memory performance in general (ignoring condition or valence) remained stable across our age range. It might be assumed that memory performance would improve across adolescence and into early adulthood, although, this is not consistently reported in the literature ( Ghetti & Angelini, 2008 , Pauls et al, 2013 ) and social and self-related cognitive processes have shown nonlinear development with age ( Diamond, Carey, & Back, 1983 , Moses-Payne et al, 2021 , Somerville et al, 2013 ). In the case of self-referential memory, the affective and motivational nature of the task might mean that the younger participants in our study were able to reach a better memory performance than under other encoding conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The youngest participants in this study (11-year-olds) had recently transitioned to secondary school. This period of transition is associated with major changes to peer networks ( Brown, 2013 ) as well as pubertal changes ( Schaffhuser, Allemand, & Schwarz, 2017 , Simmons et al, 1979 ) and development in the ability to reflect on the self and others Dumontheil, Apperly, & Blakemore, 2010 , Moses-Payne et al, 2021 , Pfeifer et al, 2009 , Symeonidou et al, 2016 . During this period of transition, adolescents strive to become independent from their parents and discover their own identity ( Koepke & Denissen, 2012 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related changes in the impact of valence on self-referential processing in female adolescents and young adults

Moses‐Payne¹,

Chierchia

Blakemore

2022

Cognitive Development

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Adolescence is a period of self-concept development. In the current study, females aged 11–30 years (N = 210) completed two self-referential tasks. In a memory task, participants judged the descriptiveness of words for themselves or a familiar other and their recognition of these words was subsequently measured. In an associative-matching task, participants associated neutral shapes to either themselves or a familiar other and the accuracy of their matching judgements was measured. In the evaluative memory task, participants were more likely to remember self-judged than other-judged words and there was an age-related decrease in the size of this self-reference effect. Negative self-judgements showed a quadratic association with age, peaking around age 19. Participants were more likely to remember positive than negative words and there was an age-related increase in the magnitude of this positivity bias. In the neutral shapes task, there were no age-related changes in the self-reference effect. Overall, adolescent girls showed enhanced processing of self-relevant stimuli when it could be used to inform their self-concept and especially when it was negative.

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“…There are likely several demographic variables that may affect the efficiency of metamemory processes. Age, for example, is known to affect metamemory, with children having less efficient metamemory because their cognitive system is under development (Moses-Payne et al, 2021 ; Schneider & Löffler, 2016 ). In this research, we explored whether the educational level or the living environment would have any impact on metamemory measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring and control processes in mock witnesses in under-represented non-WEIRD samples with high or low educational level

2022

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A popular model proposes that metamemory is based on two processes, monitoring and control. The first examines memories and evaluates their quality and the second uses that information to decide on the most appropriate course of action. Monitoring and control processes have been studied mostly with university students, which raises the question of how well do they work in groups of people from under-represented samples such as people with a low educational level. In this research, we tested the monitoring and control processes of three groups of participants from a non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) country (Colombia). Two groups of adults (aged 30–55 years) living in urban or rural areas and with a low educational level and a group of Colombian university students watched a bank robbery video and answered cued recall questions. To measure monitoring ability, participants rated their confidence that they had produced the correct answer, and to measure control they indicated whether they preferred to report or withhold the response were they in a trial. Results showed that the three groups had a functional ability to monitor their memories and control their behaviour, and that university students had better memory and metamemory than the two low education groups. The results support the concept that the basic metamemory processes of monitoring and control are functional in different groups of individuals, but the differences between groups highlight the need to test the generalizability of cognitive processes and phenomena across individuals.

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I know better! Emerging metacognition allows adolescents to ignore false advice

Cited by 22 publications

References 91 publications

Impaired metacognition and reduced neural signals of decision confidence in adults with traumatic brain injury.

Impaired metacognition and reduced neural signals of decision confidence in adults with traumatic brain injury.

Age-related changes in the impact of valence on self-referential processing in female adolescents and young adults

Monitoring and control processes in mock witnesses in under-represented non-WEIRD samples with high or low educational level

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