<i>Lactic Acid Concentration of Brain Tissues of Dogs Exposed to Hypoxemia and/or Hypocapnia</i>

Biddulph, Clyde; Fossan, Donald D. Van; Criscuolo, Dominic; Clark, Robert T.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1958.13.3.486

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The undesirability of a low content of arterial blood oxygen, though not well documented, is generally accepted, leading, amongst other things, to a decrease in circulating blood pH and an increase in blood acidaemia (Biddulph et al, 1958;Huckabee, 1958;and Magovern et al, 1959). Tobian, Martin, and Eilers (1959) have shown that one of the effects of decreasing pH is to decrease the pressor action of noradrenaline.…”

Section: Brrjournlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Degree of Oxygenation During Total Body Perfusion

Race¹,

Thomson²

1960

BMJ

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MBDICALTJOUNAL could usually be isolated so long as they were present, presumably from viable spores or hyphal fragments within the " residuum cone." No evidence was seen of acquisition of resistance by the fungus to griseofulvin, but there is no evidence that this might not occur when the drug is used in prophylaxis at a low dosage. ConclusionsOur investigations showed that the fungus had been present in the school for probably not less than four years before the investigations began. It seems certain that we were dealing with a build-up of infection over a number of years rather than an outbreak. Large quantities of viable fungus were demonstrated in nonliving sites, and it is believed that these extrahuman sources were important in transmission of the organism, in addition to direct transfer. The methods of control adopted were only partially successful, since a scalp infection was found six months after all known cases were cured. In this child five previous clinical examinations had failed to reveaL a lesion. The prophylactic dose of griseofulvin did not apparently control the fungus in this case.Perhaps the greatest single factor which has prevented complete elimination of the pathogen is the inability to detect infection, particularly that of the scalp. In our opinion it is almost impossible to detect what is virtually a carrier phase, and we found it necessary to have recourse to indirect examination-that is, the use of mycological techniques-to detect the organism on nonliving sites such as hairbrushes, combs, and pillows. Probably complete elimination of the fungus could be achieved only by administering the full therapeutic dosage of griseofulvin to all children, combining this with regular clinical and mycological examinations and efforts to eradicate all extraneous infection.Without griseofulvin there is little doubt that infection could not be eliminated from the school. The combined use of griseofulvin, topical treatment, and the removal of extraneous infection should ensure ultimate success.Summanry Twenty children at a residential school were found to be infected with T. sulphureum. Eradication was attempted by therapeutic and prophylactic use of griseofulvin and by sterilization of all sites shown to harboour the fungus. Follow-up of all children at six months showed that with the exception of one child all were free from infection. At this time the fungus could still be recovered from a few non-living sites. Failure to eliminate all infection is attributed to the difficulty of clinical detection. ADDENDUM.-Since this article was submitted for publication an additional scalp infection has been found, bringing the total number of infected children to 21. This child owned the hairbrush described in the text, on which infection was repeatedly demonstrated, but on whose person no traces of infection could be revealed when examined clinically on 10 previous occasions. Two or three isolated broken hairs were found, and one of these gave rise to T. suiphureum; apparently only one hair was infected. Re...

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Section: Brrjournlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Degree of Oxygenation During Total Body Perfusion

Race¹,

Thomson²

1960

BMJ

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“…Repeated exposure in rabbits and cats led to fibrosis of the bronchioles and alveolar ducts, asso ciated with a shallow, inadequate breathing pattern attributed to overactive Hering-Breuer reflexes. to hypoxemia with or without hypocapnia, but no eleva tion with hypocapnia alone, Biddulph et al (27) have provided a means for distinguishing between hypoxemia and pure hypocapnia as a cause of death in aircraft accidents; they describe techniques for best sampling (263). Positively charged air ions were found to decrease ciliary activity, to lower rate of mucus flow, to contract the membranous posterior tracheal wall, and to increase vulnerability of cilia and mucosal blood vessels to trauma, effects largely reversed by negative air ions (154).…”

Section: General Effects Of O2 Co2 Toxic Gasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiration

Perkins¹

1960

Annu. Rev. Physiol.

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Changes in Brain Lactate During Induced Cerebral Seizures

Hr¹,

Jb²,

Plum³

1969

Archives of Neurology

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AN UNRESOLVED question is whether during seizures lactic acidosis occurs in brain tissue because cerebral oxygen delivery fails to meet the augmented demands of cerebral oxidative metabolism. Several investigators have reported that brain lactate concentrations increase during experimental seizures in mice, cats, dogs, and monkeys.1-6 Also, during induced generalized and focal seizures in man, falls in jugular venous pH have been observed.7 From these findings it has been inferred that cerebral metabolism rises so sharply during seizures that it outstrips the available oxygen supply, which results in a shift to anaerobic glycolysis and increasing lactate formation by brain tissue.6 However, recent studies from this laboratory imply that brain lactate does not necessarily increase during induced cerebral seizures. Using dogs and monkeys that were artificially ventilated and paralyzed, Plum and his associates8 found that, although cerebral oxygen consumption increased substantially during induced seizures, cerebral blood flow increased proportionately even more so that the sagittal venous blood oxygen tension and content also rose. Thus, during cerebral seizures the oxygen supply to the brain met or exceeded the heightened cerebral metabolic demand. During cerebral seizures lactate dif¬ ferences between arterial and sagittal venous blood did not increase and the concentration of lactate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) did not change significantly.The above findings suggested that during seizures brain tissue lactate formation does not rise if adequate arterial oxygénation is maintained. We sought to confirm this hy¬ pothesis by measuring brain lactate concen¬ trations and other parameters in paralyzed animals before and during experimental cere¬ bral seizures. Studies were done in 12 well-oxygenated dogs and in three dogs that were allowed to become hypoxic. It was found that during the seizure discharge in the well-oxygenated animals brain lactate concentrations did not rise significantly, but during seizures in the hypoxic animals brain lactate rose nearly twofold. MethodsFifteen healthy mongrel dogs were initially anesthetized with thiopental sodium intrave¬ nously, given atropine 1 mg intravenously, and intubated with cuffed endotracheal tubes. Cannulae were placed in both femoral arteries to monitor blood pressure and obtain blood sam¬ ples, and, in one femoral vein, to give fluids and medications. The dogs were placed prone, con¬ nected to a respirator, and paralyzed with gallamine. Anesthesia was maintained with a Changes in brain lactate during seizures. 70%/30% nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture. Bilat¬ eral craniotomies were performed and a wide skull cap was removed exposing both cerebral hemispheres and the sagittal sinus. The dura was left intact until the time of brain biopsy and kept warm and moist with saline packs and the heat from an operating lamp. A cannula was placed in the sagittal sinus to obtain cere¬ bral venous blood samples. Another cannula was placed percutaneously in the cisterna mag¬ na to ...

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Lactic Acid Concentration of Brain Tissues of Dogs Exposed to Hypoxemia and/or Hypocapnia

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Control of Degree of Oxygenation During Total Body Perfusion

Control of Degree of Oxygenation During Total Body Perfusion

Respiration

Changes in Brain Lactate During Induced Cerebral Seizures

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