“…However, a number of studies have shown that citation practices are far from neutral and tend to reproduce a range of hierarchical relations, including male/female hierarchies. Quantitative research has been able to show that female scholars are underrepresented in citation counts (Davenport & Snyder, 1995); that even when other factors are equal, male faculty have a higher likelihood to be highly cited (Toutkoushian, 1994); that where raw publication counts are equal, women across the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities are less likely to be in the prestigious first author position (West, Jacquet, King, Correll, & Bergstrom, 2013); and that as citations of women's publications increase, this increase tends to occur within articles by other women with male scholars not citing women at the increased rate in which they have entered a field (Lutz, 1990;McElhinny, Hols, Holtzkener, Unger, & Hicks, 2003;see Nygaard and Bahgat, 2018). Much as they are able to reveal about gendered patterns of citation, such studies bear the flaw that they base their quantitative work on a stable and exclusively binary model of gender identity, working with the assumption that authors are neatly dividable into male and female categories, even as ambiguities in the use of first names and initials are noted.…”