mgpB and mgpC sequence diversity in Mycoplasma genitalium is generated by segmental reciprocal recombination with repetitive chromosomal sequences

Iverson-Cabral, Stefanie L.; Astete, Sabina G.; Cohen, Craig R.; Totten, Patricia A.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05898.x

Cited by 75 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 86 publications

(156 reference statements)

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“…Still, no sequence variability within this region has been observed with M. pneumoniae (37). In contrast to the recent findings of extensive sequence variability in M. genitalium (17,18,27,34), the existence of two highly conserved types of M. pneumoniae P1 gene sequences has been demonstrated repeatedly (9). The existence of these two types of the P1 gene (type 1 and type 2) was shown to be an excellent marker for numerous other variations within their genomes, some of which likely lead to virulence differences observed among strains (8).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

“…Extensive sequence variability resulting from recombination between repetitive elements of mgpB and MgPars was recently confirmed with reference strain G37 as well as with clinical strains (17,18,27). However, the MgPa-13 region (nucleotides 181 to 460) does not share homology with other regions in the G37 genome, and this region was chosen for development of a conventional diagnostic PCR assay (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis Identifying Common and Distinct Sequences among Texas Clinical Strains of Mycoplasma genitalium

Musatovova

Baseman

2009

J Clin Microbiol

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Mycoplasma genitalium is associated with numerous human genitourinary tract maladies, including nonchlamydial, nongonococcal urethritis in men and cervicitis, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease in women (1,4,5,12,19,29,30,35,39). Understanding the epidemiological aspects of infections and developing effective treatment require reliable typing of pathogenic microorganisms. Since M. genitalium is very difficult to culture from clinical specimens (13, 21), classical microbiological typing methods are not readily applicable. Furthermore, serological approaches are not widely used because of cross-reactivity with other mycoplasmas, especially with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (15,26). Therefore, typing of M. genitalium strains relies on DNA sequence data. Recently, sequence variability of the rRNA operon and tandem repeats in the MG309 locus have been evaluated with clinical specimens (28). However, the majority of M. genitalium clinical sequence data available today is based upon the gene mgpB (locus MG191 of sequenced reference strain G37 [11]) encoding the M. genitalium adhesin MgPa (14,17,21). An M. genitaliumspecific diagnostic PCR assay was designed to target the proximal unique region of this gene (using primers MgPa-1 and MgPa-3 [22] and designated here "MgPa-13"). The MgPa-13 region has exhibited sequence stability in persistently infected patients for up to 21 months (17). Despite this intrastrain stability, high levels of sequence variability between clinical isolates were observed (14, 17). Based on this sequence region, transmission of M. genitalium between sexual partners was shown, as was colonization of different anatomical sites of the same patient by identical strains (14).Here, we present analysis of MgPa-13 sequences generated from clinical specimens collected at the Project S.A.F.E. sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in San Antonio, TX (36), from recruited female participants and their male partners. Alignment of MgPa-13 sequences corroborated transmission between partners and colonization of different anatomical sites by the same strain. Comparison of newly recovered sequences with all currently available clinical data (14, 17, 21) revealed not only the presence of several common variants but also distinct sequences. Analyses of encoded amino acids uncovered mutations that determine common features among MgPa-13 region variants. MATERIALS AND METHODSOrigin and processing of clinical specimens. A group of minority women (Mexican and African American) and their partners were recruited from public health clinics throughout San Antonio, TX, into a controlled randomized trial of behavioral-cognitive interventions to reduce the recurrence of STDs (36). Women were recruited into the study after being diagnosed with a nonviral STD, specifically infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrheae, Trichomonas vaginalis, or Treponema pallidum. At each clinic visit, urine specimens were obtained from both female and male subjects, and at the same time, vaginal and cervical swab (VC) speci...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis Identifying Common and Distinct Sequences among Texas Clinical Strains of Mycoplasma genitalium

Musatovova

Baseman

2009

J Clin Microbiol

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“…After evaluation of the specimens, two of these six VNTR loci were rejected due to lack of adequate discrimination and four VNTR loci were finally chosen for further assessment. Three TR loci, MG307-STR, MG309-STR, and MG338-STR, were named according to a previous study (Ma et al, 2008), and the fourth TR locus, previously identified (Iverson-Cabral et al, 2007) but never used in a typing scheme, was named Mge1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three of the four VNTRs were located in LPencoding loci (MG307-STR, MG309-STR and MG338-STR) and had been previously described (Ma et al, 2008). Mge1, previously identified by Iverson-Cabral et al (2007), was located in the mgpB locus, which encodes the main adhesin MG191 (Burgos et al, 2006) (Table 2). The MG309-STR and MG338-STR markers were the most discriminatory VNTRs, with 15 and 13 different alleles, respectively.…”

Section: Mlva Typingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method comparison for molecular typing of French and Tunisian Mycoplasma genitalium-positive specimens

Cazanave

Charron

Renaudin

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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In this study, 76 French and Tunisian urogenital specimens were subjected to molecular typing by using the two main Mycoplasma genitalium molecular typing methods, the mgpB single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing method and the combination analysis of a variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) marker in MG309 and mgpB SNP. Furthermore, we tried to develop a multiple-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA) method. The genome of M. genitalium G37 T was analysed for VNTRs and four VNTRs were used for an MLVA. The method, applied directly on clinical specimens, was based on a GENESCAN analysis of VNTR loci labelled with fluorescent dyes by using multiplex PCR and capillary electrophoresis. This method had a 1.00 diversity index (DI) while the mgpB SNP typing and the combination of MG309 and mgpB SNPs had DIs of 0.853 and 0.989, respectively. However, among the sets of two concurrent specimens, taken at the same time from the urogenital tracts of 12 patients, only nine had matching MLVA profiles, while the two other methods gave identical profiles for all specimens amplified, except for one set. Moreover, eight new sequence types were described with the mgpB SNP typing method. The three molecular typing methods revealed a genetic heterogeneity, suggesting that M. genitalium was endemic in France and Tunisia and that the infections were not due to the clonal dissemination of one strain. Comparison of the typing results obtained with the three methods showed that the MLVA assay seemed too discriminatory to be used in future studies of sexual networks of M. genitalium infection. According to the discriminatory power and the feasibility of each mgpB-based method, we recommend that the mgpB analysis be used for general epidemiological studies and that the combination of MG309-STR and mgpB SNP methods should be used for sexual-network studies of M. genitalium infection.

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“…4). In some instances SGC can be simple: in cases where the 3′ boundary of gene conversion occurs within the coding sequence, SGC causes only the part of the gene encoding the exposed N-terminal domain of the antigen to be exchanged ("3′ donation") (124), a process similar to the exchange of antigen variable region "cassettes" by pathogens such as Anaplasma marginale (184), Treponema pallidum (185), and Mycoplasma genitalum (186)(187)(188). In addition, SGC can form a "mosaic" VSG, exchanging segments across the gene and introducing variation into the antigenically-important N-terminal domain.…”

Section: Segmental Gene Conversion Produces Functional Vsg Surface Coatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Recombination Strategies During Antigenic Variation in the African Trypanosome

2015

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Survival of the African trypanosome in its mammalian hosts has led to the evolution of antigenic variation, a process for evasion of adaptive immunity that has independently evolved in many other viral, bacterial and eukaryotic pathogens. The essential features of trypanosome antigenic variation have been understood for many years and comprise a dense, protective Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat, which can be changed by recombination-based and transcription-based processes that focus on telomeric VSG gene transcription sites. However, it is only recently that the scale of this process has been truly appreciated. Genome sequencing of Trypanosoma brucei has revealed a massive archive of >1000 VSG genes, the huge majority of which are functionally impaired but are used to generate far greater numbers of VSG coats through segmental gene conversion. This chapter will discuss the implications of such VSG diversity for immune evasion by antigenic variation, and will consider how this expressed diversity can arise, drawing on a growing body of work that has begun to examine the proteins and sequences through which VSG switching is catalyzed. Most studies of trypanosome antigenic variation have focused on T. brucei , the causative agent of human sleeping sickness. Other work has begun to look at antigenic variation in animal-infective trypanosomes, and we will compare the findings that are emerging, as well as consider how antigenic variation relates to the dynamics of host–trypanosome interaction.

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mgpB and mgpC sequence diversity in Mycoplasma genitalium is generated by segmental reciprocal recombination with repetitive chromosomal sequences

Cited by 75 publications

References 86 publications

Analysis Identifying Common and Distinct Sequences among Texas Clinical Strains of Mycoplasma genitalium

Analysis Identifying Common and Distinct Sequences among Texas Clinical Strains of Mycoplasma genitalium

Method comparison for molecular typing of French and Tunisian Mycoplasma genitalium-positive specimens

DNA Recombination Strategies During Antigenic Variation in the African Trypanosome

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