Microwave Circuits and Amplifiers: The Physics of Transmission Lines at High and Very High Frequencies, Vol. 2

New design of the antipodal Vivaldi antenna for a GPR system

“…According to the results concluded by Grivet and Hawkes [5], the first approximation formula with high accuracy for calculating the characteristic impedance of the twin line is given by Z c ϭ ͑h/w͒ ϩ ͕1 ϩ log e ͓͑h/w͒ ϩ 1 ϩ log e ͑h/w ϩ 1͔͖͒ ,…”

“…From high-frequency transmission-line theory [5], for the twin lines constructed by two parallel metallic plates, if we do not consider the edge effects and losses in the metal strip lines, then the characteristic impedance of such parallel twin strip-lines can be calculated as Z c ϭ h/w, where ϭ ͌ / is the intrinsic wave impedance of the filled dielectric material between these two parallel strip lines.…”

An effective fault location technique for transmission grids using phasor measurement units

“…1, assuming the fault is occurred on line ik, although bus k is not measured, bus voltage can be calculated via the measurements at bus j and is given as follows [7,25]:…”

Electrostatic Discharge

“…In transmission line theory, a rule-of-thumb used is if the rise time is equal to t r < 2:5 then the structure should be modeled as a ladder network or transmission line [64,[93][94][95][96][97]. When the ESD event rise time is significantly slower than the time of flight, the voltage is not uniform.…”

“…Hence in cases of HBM pulses, whose rise time is 17-22 ns, if the structure is such that the time of flight is approximately 10 ns, the structure should be modeled as a transmission line. In the transmission line theory, the structure can be modeled as a lumped capacitor element if [64,[93][94][95][96][97] t r > 5…”