Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex and related subspecies as causative agents of zoonotic and occupational diseases

Abstract

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) cause zoonotic infections transmitted by birds and livestock herds. These pathogens have remained as serious economic and health threats in most areas of the world. As zoonotic diseases, the risk of development of occupational disease and even death outcome necessitate implementation of control strategies to prevent its spread. Zoonotic MAP infections include Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, diabetes mellitus, and immune‐related diseases (such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Paratuberculosis has classified as type B epidemic zoonotic disease according to world health organization which is transmitted to human through consumption of dairy and meat products. In addition, MAC causes pulmonary manifestations and lymphadenitis in normal hosts and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression (by serotypes 1, 4, and 8). Furthermore, other subspecies have caused respiratory abscesses, neck lymph nodes, and disseminated osteomyelitis in children and ulcers. However, the data over the occupational relatedness of these subspecies is rare. These agents can cause occupational infections in susceptible herd breeders. Several molecular methods have been recognized as proper strategies for tracking the infection. In this study, some zoonotic aspects, worldwide prevalence and control strategies regarding infections due to MAP and MAC and related subspecies has been reviewed.

Antimicrobial effect of chitosan–silver–copper nanocomposite on Candida albicans

“…In addition to cutaneous and mucosal infections, these opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised people can create a chronic or acute invasive infection that can be limited to an organ or as a diffuse disease [5][6][7]. These infections, which in most cases lead to death, are known as invasive candidiasis.…”

Coordinate regulation of virulence and metabolic genes by the transcription factor HbhR in Mycobacterium marinum

“…They include some of the most devastating pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis , the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB), and other members of the M. tuberculosis complex. The leprosy agent Mycobacterium leprae , Mycobacterium ulcerans , responsible for Buruli ulcer, as well as members of the Mycobacterium avium / paratuberculosis complex, important bovine pathogens and causing opportunistic infections in immune‐compromised humans, are also belonging to this genus (Eslami et al , ). TB alone has caused 1.6 million deaths in 2017 and is thereby the first cause of death due to a single infectious agent (Global Tuberculosis Report, ).…”

Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New

“…The livestock industry suffers economic losses and trade restrictions due to its incidence. Widespread paratuberculosis in animals (also known as Jones disease) including bovine paratuberculosis, is an endemic disease especially in developing countries affecting livestock production, zoo, and wildlife animals (reviewed in [58]). M. avium subspecies can cause paratuberculosis in humans, manifested as inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune diseases including asthma, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease and may also be a contributing factor to Crohn's disease [58].…”