<i>Mycobacterium Bovis</i>in Africa

Zinsstag, Jakob; Kazwala, Rudovick; Cadmus, Idowu Simeon; Ayanwale, L.

doi:10.1002/9780470344538.ch19

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Furthermore, in recent years, Ethiopia has reported the occurrence of BTB in the years 1992-1996(FAO-OIE-WHO Animal health year books, 1992-1997OIE 1998OIE -2001, cited by Ayele et al, 2004;Zinsstag et al, 2006a). However, still there is lack of knowledge about the actual prevalence and distribution of the disease at a national level.…”

Section: Undertaken Studies In the Animal Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is, however, sufficient evidence to indicate that it is widely distributed in almost all African countries and even is found at high prevalence in some animal populations (WHO, 1994;Ayele et al, 2004;Zinsstag et al, 2006a). However, in the tropical countries including Ethiopia, BTB has been found to affect a higher proportion of exotic breeds than local zebus, which has been conferred through prevalence studies of BTB in different parts of Ethiopia (Ameni, 1996;Kiros, 1998;Ameni et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently after HIV/AIDS, human tuberculosis is responsible for the deaths of more people each year than any other single infectious disease, with more than 7 million new cases and 2 million deaths per year and it is responsible for one-third of all deaths of HIV-infected individuals in Africa (Zinsstag et al, 2006a). In Ethiopia, the endemic nature of the human tuberculosis has long been documented (Octapodas, 1963) and has been recognised as a major problem of human health for accounting a high rate of morbidity and mortality (Ministry of Health, 1978-1980.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bovine tuberculosis infection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia: a review

Shitaye¹,

Tsegaye²,

Pavlík³

2007

Vet. Med.

128

130

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Ethiopia is one among the nations that possesses the largest number of livestock population in the African continent estimated to be 33 million cattle, 24 million sheep and 18 million goats. In contrast to the huge livestock resource, the livestock productivity is however, found to be very low. The major biological and socioeconomical factors attributing to the low productivity includes: the low genetic potential and performance, poor nutrition (in quality and quantity terms), the prevailing of different diseases, traditional way of husbandry systems and inadequate skilled manpower, among others. Ethiopia is one of the African countries where tuberculosis is wide spread in both humans and cattle and the endemic nature of tuberculosis in humans and cattle has long been documented. The disease is considered as one of the major livestock diseases that results in high morbidity and mortality, although the current status on the actual prevalence rate of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) at a national level is yet unknown. Detection of BTB in Ethiopia is carried out most commonly on the basis of tuberculin skin testing, abattoir meat inspection and very rarely on bacteriological techniques. Recently undertaken studies indicated the prevalence rate of BTB with a range of 3.4% (in small holder production system) to 50% (in intensive dairy productions) and a range of 3.5% to 5.2% in slaughterhouses in various places of the country. BTB in cattle remains to be a great concern due to the susceptibility of humans to the disease. The infections mainly take place by drinking raw milk and occur in the extra-pulmonary form, in the cervical lymphadenitis form in particular. The aim of this paper is to review the status of BTB in Ethiopia in relation with the existing animal husbandry systems and abattoir meat inspection surveillances. Control measures, economic impacts and the zoonotic aspect of the disease are also briefly addressed.

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Section: Undertaken Studies In the Animal Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Bovine tuberculosis infection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia: a review

Shitaye¹,

Tsegaye²,

Pavlík³

2007

Vet. Med.

128

130

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“…Intensive management systems provide favourable conditions for bovine TB transmission by promoting closer and more prolonged contacts between animals than in extensive systems (Ayele et al 2004;Zinsstag et al 2006;Inangolet et al 2008). In this work, the spread of the pathogen in the extensive and semi-extensive systems could have resulted from the closer contact experienced during periods of drought at shared grazing, watering and salt leak points, "cattle markets", during veterinary interventions (vaccination campaigns), and other ventures that involved the gathering together of different herds of animals.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Bovine Tuberculosis Based On Tuberculin Skin Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The keeping of livestock is integral to the socio-economic, cultural and religious activities of many communities in the country and close human-livestock interactions are common. M. bovis have been isolated from humans in parts of Africa including Cameroon (Cosivi et al 1998;Kazwala et al 2001a;Niobe-Eyangoh et al 2003;Cadmus et al 2006;Zinsstag et al 2006) and epidemiological associations between bovine TB in cattle and human TB have been suggested (Cook et al 1996;Regassa et al 2008).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the highlands of Cameroon based on the detection of lesions in slaughtered cattle and tuberculin skin tests of live cattle

Awah-Ndukum¹,

Kudi²,

Bradley³

et al. 2012

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is an important neglected zoonosis in Cameroon, where many communities depend on their livestock for livelihood and the incidence of human TB and TB-HIV/AIDS co-infection are high and increasing annually. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of bovine TB in cattle in the highlands of Cameroon. The magnitude and trend of detecting TB lesions in slaughtered cattle (1994 to 2010) and tuberculin skin tests (TST) in 2853 cattle (84 herds) of 39 livestock rearing communities were analysed. Of 129 165 slaughtered cattle inspected, 599 (0.46%; 95% CI: 0.43%-0.50%) showed suspected TB lesions among a total of 983 (0.76%; 95% CI: 0.71%-0.81%) identified pathologies. The monthly TB detection rates ranged from 0.30% (95% CI: 0.20%-0.40%) to 0.81% (95% CI: 0.64%-0.98%) and annual rates from 0.04% (95% CI: 0%-0.11%) to 1.46% (95% CI: 1.22%-1.69%). The rates were not affected (P < 0.05) by season and fluctuating peaks were also recorded. The comparative TST revealed that bovine TB was widely distributed in live cattle (4.67%; 95% CI: 3.89%-5.44%) and was higher (χ 2 = 17.50, P ≤ 0.001) in the Western highlands than Adamawa plateaux.Comparative TST bovine TB reactors were higher (P < 0.05) in cattle managed in semi-intensive and beef production systems compared to the others. Animals in small herds showed higher (χ 2 = 4.283, P = 0.038) rates than those in large herds. Bovine TB prevalence in exotic/upgraded cattle was comparable to that of the Red Bororo zebu but higher than the rates in Guadali (χ 2 = 4.971, P = 0.026) and White Fulani (χ 2 = 5.6, P = 0.018) zebus.Among the indigenous zebus, the rate was higher in Red Bororo than the Guadali (χ 2 = 6.244, P = 0.012) and White Fulani (χ 2 = 6.568, P = 0.010). Sex did not influence (χ 2 = 0.410, P = 0.522) bovine TB prevalence in this study but diagnosis of the disease was higher (χ 2 = 5.787; P = 0.016) among adult/older cattle than in younger animals. Further analysis of the TST responses revealed that atypical mycobacterial infections was widespread and 6.83% of tested animals showed positive reactions at both bovine and avian tuberculin injection sites and a strong association (χ 2 = 2.512; P = 0.113) between skin responses to both tuberculins. The study confirms that bovine TB is prevalent in live cattle and meat production abattoirs in Cameroon and we recommend strict a interpretation of TST results for maximum diagnosis of the disease in the local environment. A need for comprehensive investigation of the molecular epidemiology, zoonotic risks and the public health importance of bovine TB in Cameroon cannot be overemphasised.

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Cost Estimate of Bovine Tuberculosis to Ethiopia

Tschopp

Hattendorf

Roth

et al. 2012

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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While bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has been eliminated in some industrialized countries, it prevails worldwide, particularly in Africa. In Ethiopia, BTB is prevalent as numerous studies have shown its occurrence in livestock and in abattoirs but it has not been demonstrated in wildlife and only very few cases have been found in humans. The objective of this study is to estimate the cost of BTB to Ethiopia with the aim of informing Ethiopian policy on options for BTB control. BTB in livestock affects both animal productivity and herd demographic composition. The Livestock Development Planning System (LDPS2, FAO) was modified to allow for stochastic simulation of parameters. We performed an incremental cost of disease analysis, comparing livestock production with and without BTB. For the rural scenario we considered an endemically stable 4 % comparative intradermal test (CIDT) prevalence and for the urban scenario an endemically stable 32 % CIDT prevalence among cattle. The net present value of rural Ethiopian livestock products in 2005 is estimated at 65.7 billion (thousand million) Ethiopian Birr (95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 53.8-77.7 billion Birr), which is the equivalent of 7.5 billion US$ (95 %CI 6.1-8.9 billion US$) at a rate of 8.7 Birr per US$ in 2005. The cost of BTB ranges from 646 million Birr (75.2 million US$) in 2005 to 3.1 Billion Birr in 2011 (358 million US$) but is within the range of uncertainty of our estimate and can thus not be distinguished from zero. The cost of disease in the urban livestock production ranges from 5 to 42 million Birr (500,000-4.9 million US$) between 2005 and 2011 but is also within the range of uncertainty of our estimate. Our study shows no measurable loss in asset value or cost of disease due to BTB in rural and urban production systems in Ethiopia. This does not mean that there is not a real cost of disease, but the variability of the productivity parameters and prices are high and would require more precise estimates. This study does not preclude in any way the urgent need to control BTB in the urban dairy herd of Addis Ababa for other than financial reasons.

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Mycobacterium Bovisin Africa

Cited by 20 publications

References 10 publications

Bovine tuberculosis infection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia: a review

Bovine tuberculosis infection in animal and human populations in Ethiopia: a review

Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in cattle in the highlands of Cameroon based on the detection of lesions in slaughtered cattle and tuberculin skin tests of live cattle

Cost Estimate of Bovine Tuberculosis to Ethiopia

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