<i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> - an up-date

Taylor‐Robinson, David

doi:10.1258/0956462021924776

Cited by 145 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] There is also increasing evidence that M genitalium causes mucopurulent cervicitis in women 9 and that it may cause endometritis 10 11 and possibly tubal infection with sequelae in the form of ectopic pregnancy or tubal infertility.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Signs and symptoms of urethritis and cervicitis among women with or without Mycoplasma genitalium or Chlamydia trachomatis infection

Falk

Fredlund²,

Jensen³

2005

Sexually Transmitted Infections

185

158

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Objectives: To study the prevalence, symptoms, and signs of Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women attending a Swedish STD clinic, accessible for both sexes, and in a group of young women called in the cervical cancer screening programme. Methods: A cross sectional study among female STD clinic attendees in Ö rebro and a study among women called for Papanicolaou smear screening. Attendees were examined for urethritis and cervicitis. First void urine and endocervical samples were tested for M genitalium and C trachomatis. Results: The prevalence of C trachomatis and M genitalium in the STD clinic population was 10% (45/465) and 6% (26/461), respectively. Dual infection was diagnosed in four women. In the cancer screening group of women the corresponding prevalence was 2% (1/59) and 0%, respectively. Among the STD clinic attendees there were no significant differences in symptoms (32% v 23%, RR 1.4, 95% CI 0.6 to 3.4) or signs (71% v 50%, RR 1.4, 95% CI 0.9 to 2.3) between C trachomatis and M genitalium infections. Microscopic signs of cervicitis were significantly more common among M genitalium and C trachomatis infected women than in the cancer screening group of women. 56% (15/27) of male partners of M genitalium infected women were infected with M genitalium compared to 59% of male partners of C trachomatis infected women who were infected with C trachomatis (p = 0.80). Conclusions: M genitalium is a common infection associated with cervicitis and with a high prevalence of infected sexual partners supporting its role as a cause of sexually transmitted infection. M ycoplasma genitalium was isolated originally from the urethra of two men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in 1980.1 2 Isolation of this bacterium is very difficult, but the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology has consistently shown M genitalium to be a major cause of non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU) among men. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] There is also increasing evidence that M genitalium causes mucopurulent cervicitis in women 9 and that it may cause endometritis 10 11 and possibly tubal infection with sequelae in the form of ectopic pregnancy or tubal infertility.12 Only one published study has failed to show an association between urogenital tract disease and the presence of M genitalium in the female genital tract. 13 However, no asymptomatic patients were included in that study and surprisingly, as many as 38% of the women were positive compared with a C trachomatis prevalence of 8%, raising concern about the specificity of the M genitalium assay. Most M genitalium studies in STD clinic outpatients have focused on symptomatic patients with urethritis and have used nonsymptomatic patients as controls. These studies demonstrate that M genitalium, C trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are significantly more frequently detected among symptomatic patients than among asymptomatic controls, thus indicating that these bacteria are pathogens of the genital tract. This is emphasised by the fact t...

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confidence: 99%

Signs and symptoms of urethritis and cervicitis among women with or without Mycoplasma genitalium or Chlamydia trachomatis infection

Falk

Fredlund²,

Jensen³

2005

Sexually Transmitted Infections

185

158

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“…Azithromycin is at least 100-fold more active in vitro against M. genitalium than any of the fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines. 18 In one study, M. genitalium eradication rates in women treated with azithromycin were 88% compared with 37% with doxycycline. 19 Azithromycin is available locally, and the treatment cost for 1 g in Haiti ranges from 40 to 200 Haitian Gourdes (US $0.93-$4.65).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Rural Southwestern Haiti: The Grand'Anse Women's Health Study

Jobe

Downey

Hammar

et al. 2014

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The study attempts to define socioeconomic, clinical, and laboratory correlates in vaginitis and other sexually transmitted infections in rural southwestern Haiti. A convenience sample of subjects recruited from a rural women's health clinic and attending an established clinic at the Haitian Health Foundation (HHF) clinic was studied. A standardized history and physical examination, including speculum examination, and collection of blood, urine, and vaginal swabs were obtained from the women at the rural clinic. Additional vaginal swab samples only for Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) testing were obtained from women at the HHF clinic in Jé ré mie. Laboratory results from Leon subjects were positive for Gardnerella vaginalis in 41% (41 of 100), Trichomonas vaginalis in 13.5% (14 of 104), Candida sp. in 9% (9 of 100), Mycoplasma genitalium in 6.7% (7 of 104), Chlamydia trachomatis in 1.9% (2 of 104), and Neisseria gonorrhea in 1% (1 of 104) of patients. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody tests were negative in 100% (103 of 103) of patients, and syphilis antibody testing was positive for treponemal antibodies in 7.7% (8 of 104) patients. For subjects from the HHF, 19.9% were positive for T. vaginalis, 11.9% were positive for C. trachomatis, 10.1% were positive for M. genitalium, and 4.1% were positive for N. gonorrhea. Infections with G. vaginalis, T. vaginalis, and Candida were the most common. N. gonorrhea, C. trachomatis, Candida sp., T. vaginalis, and M. genitalium infections were associated with younger age (less than 31 years old).

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“…We reported that the M. genitalium load was significantly higher in men with acute nonchlamydial NGU than in asymptomatic men (17). The various results reported to date suggest that M. genitalium may be associated with the development of acute NGU independent of Chlamydia trachomatis (2,13).…”

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confidence: 81%

Longitudinal Quantitative Detection by Real-Time PCR of Mycoplasma genitalium in First-Pass Urine of Men with Recurrent Nongonococcal Urethritis

et al. 2002

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By using a TaqMan assay we monitored longitudinal changes in Mycoplasma genitalium loads in five men with recurrent M. genitalium-positive nongonococcal urethritis. We observed regrowth of M. genitalium persisting in hosts after treatment and a possible association of the increase in the M. genitalium load with emergence of symptoms and signs of nongonococcal urethritis in four of these patients.In 1981, when Mycoplasma genitalium was initially identified, two strains were isolated from two urethral specimens in culture (16). Despite repeated attempts to isolate M. genitalium from the urogenital tract, however, culture of M. genitalium is still immensely difficult. In the 1990s, the advent of PCR-based assays facilitated studies on the association of M. genitalium with acute nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) (9, 11). This mycoplasma has been detected significantly more often in patients with acute NGU, particularly in patients with nonchlamydial NGU, than in subjects without urethritis (6,8). In 2002 we developed a TaqMan assay for quantification of M. genitalium DNA and quantified M. genitalium in first-pass urine of men with urethritis and of asymptomatic men (17). We reported that the M. genitalium load was significantly higher in men with acute nonchlamydial NGU than in asymptomatic men (17). The various results reported to date suggest that M. genitalium may be associated with the development of acute NGU independent of Chlamydia trachomatis (2, 13).For chronic NGU, it has been suggested that persistence of M. genitalium in the urethra after antimicrobial chemotherapy might be associated with this condition (5,7,10,15). However, quantitative analysis of M. genitalium has been not performed in cases of chronic NGU. In the present study, therefore, we used the TaqMan assay to monitor longitudinal changes in M. genitalium loads in patients with recurrent NGU and to examine those cases for association of the M. genitalium load with clinical findings and inflammatory responses.Five men with recurrent NGU, who had been included in a previous study (10), were enrolled in the present study. They attended the Department of Urology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Japan, between July 1999 and December 2001. Each of these patients had symptoms and signs consistent with acute urethritis at the first visit. For each patient, Gramstained urethral smears showed five or more polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) per high-power (ϫ1,000) microscopic field in at least three fields. Urine specimens were subjected to AMPLICOR STD-1 assay (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Ind.) for detecting Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis and to a PCR-and phylogeny-based assay for detecting mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. The AMPLICOR STD-1 assay was done according to the manufacturer's instructions. The PCR-and phylogeny-based assay, which could detect at least 10 copies of the 16S rRNA gene of M. genitalium, was done as described in our previous report (18). Two patients were positive for both C. trachomatis and M. genitalium, and three w...

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Mycoplasma genitalium - an up-date

Cited by 145 publications

References 54 publications

Signs and symptoms of urethritis and cervicitis among women with or without Mycoplasma genitalium or Chlamydia trachomatis infection

Signs and symptoms of urethritis and cervicitis among women with or without Mycoplasma genitalium or Chlamydia trachomatis infection

Epidemiology of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Rural Southwestern Haiti: The Grand'Anse Women's Health Study

Longitudinal Quantitative Detection by Real-Time PCR of Mycoplasma genitalium in First-Pass Urine of Men with Recurrent Nongonococcal Urethritis

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