“…The borrowing hydrogen methodology involves (1) oxidation of alcohols or ammonia to the corresponding carbonyl compounds or imines; (2) alkylation of ketones, alcohols, or amines to form unsaturated carbonyl compounds or imines; and (3) reduction of the C–C or C–N bonds using the borrow hydrogen atoms from alcohols or amines (Scheme ). , Generally, among these transformations, the catalyst plays a crucial role in every step. To date, although some metals (Pd, Au, Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni, Os, and Rh,) have been studied, Ru and Ir − are still shown to be the most effective and promising catalysts for C-alkylation and N-alkylation.…”