N‐tert‐butyl‐alpha‐phenylnitrone, a free radical scavenger with anticholinesterase activity does not improve the cognitive performance of scopolamine‐challenged rats

Abstract

Reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase improve spatial learning and memory in animal models of cognitive impairment. Here we investigate if the beneficial effects of free radical scavenger N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) on cognitive performance could be explained by its recently discovered anticholinesterase activity. Morris water maze experiment was performed to examine the effect of PBN on the impairment of spatial learning and memory induced by the antagonist of cholinergic muscarinic transmission scopolamine. In situ hybridization histochemistry experiment was performed to study its effects on the induction of immediate early gene expression (c-fos, c-jun) by dopamine D1 receptor agonist SKF-82958 and on the augmentation of the SKF-82958-induced expression of these genes by scopolamine. In both experiments, the effects of PBN were compared to the effects of reversible anticholinesterase physostigmine. We found that physostigmine but not PBN significantly reversed the cognitive impairment in scopolamine-challenged rats, prevented the induction of c-fos and c-jun mRNAs by SKF-82958 and attenuated the augmentation of the SKF-82958-induced expression of these genes by scopolamine. The present experiments did not reveal a significant in vivo anticholinesterase activity of PBN.

Methylthioninium chloride reverses cognitive deficits induced by scopolamine: comparison with rivastigmine

“…Whether normalisation of procedural learning leads to reversal of cognitive deficits, or vice versa remains unexplored. Consistent with previous reports, however, is the observation that over-stimulation of the cholinergic system by high doses of ChEIs is detrimental for memory formation in both preclinical models and humans (Bejar et al 1999;Milivojevic et al 2001;Beglinger et al 2004Beglinger et al , 2005Van Dam et al 2005), possibly because of hyper-stimulation of M2 muscarinic autoreceptors (Braida et al 1996). This may explain the narrow therapeutic window of ChEI treatment in dementia.…”