<i>N</i>‐nitrosodimethylamine, nitrate and nitrate‐reducing microorganisms in human milk

Uibu, J; Tauts, O; Levin, Adik; Shimanovskaya, N. P.; Matto, R.

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb18217.x

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The level of NDMA in breast milk is assigned the average of estimates from Lakritz and Pensabeneand Uibu et al . No data were found reporting concentration of NDMA in infant formula specifically.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water as a Proportion of Total Human Exposure to Volatile N‐Nitrosamines

Hrudey

Bull²,

Cotruvo³

et al. 2013

Risk Analysis

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Some volatile N-nitrosamines, primarily N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are recognized as products of drinking water treatment at ng/L levels and as known carcinogens. The U.S. EPA has identified the N-nitrosamines as contaminants being considered for regulation as a group under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Nitrosamines are common dietary components, and a major database (over 18,000 drinking water samples) has recently been created under the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. A Monte Carlo modeling analysis in 2007 found that drinking water contributed less than 2.8% of ingested NDMA and less than 0.02% of total NDMA exposure when estimated endogenous formation was considered. Our analysis, based upon human blood concentrations, indicates that endogenous NDMA production is larger than expected. The blood-based estimates are within the range that would be calculated from estimates based on daily urinary NDMA excretion and an estimate based on methylated guanine in DNA of lymphocytes from human volunteers. Our analysis of ingested NDMA from food and water based on Monte Carlo modeling with more complete data input shows that drinking water contributes a mean proportion of the lifetime average daily NDMA dose ranging from between 0.0002% and 0.001% for surface water systems using free chlorine or between 0.001% and 0.01% for surface water systems using chloramines. The proportions of average daily dose are higher for infants (zero to six months) than other age cohorts, with the highest mean up to 0.09% (upper 95th percentile of 0.3%).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water as a Proportion of Total Human Exposure to Volatile N‐Nitrosamines

Hrudey

Bull²,

Cotruvo³

et al. 2013

Risk Analysis

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show abstract

“…Conversely, Sen et al ( 1984 ) verified the presence of NDMA, NDEA, NDBA, NPIP and NMOR in human milk, as the result of migration from rubber products, also at high levels, corresponding to 2,796 μg/kg (NDBA). Another study reported of 54 milk samples collected from healthy nursing Estonian women analysed for volatile N‐ NAs that two samples contained NDMA at 1.1 and 1.2 μg/L, respectively (Uibu et al, 1996 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of N‐nitrosamines in food

Schrenk¹,

Bignami²,

Bodin³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of Nnitrosamines (N-NAs) in food. The risk assessment was confined to those 10 carcinogenic N-NAs occurring in food (TCNAs), i.e. NDMA, NMEA, NDEA, NDPA, NDBA, NMA, NSAR, NMOR, NPIP and NPYR. N-NAs are genotoxic and induce liver tumours in rodents. The in vivo data available to derive potency factors are limited, and therefore, equal potency of TCNAs was assumed. The lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose at 10% (BMDL 10 ) was 10 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day, derived from the incidence of rat liver tumours (benign and malignant) induced by NDEA and used in a margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Analytical results on the occurrence of N-NAs were extracted from the EFSA occurrence database (n = 2,817) and the literature (n = 4,003). Occurrence data were available for five food categories across TCNAs. Dietary exposure was assessed for two scenarios, excluding (scenario 1) and including (scenario 2) cooked unprocessed meat and fish. TCNAs exposure ranged from 0 to 208.9 ng/kg bw per day across surveys, age groups and scenarios. 'Meat and meat products' is the main food category contributing to TCNA exposure. MOEs ranged from 3,337 to 48 at the P95 exposure excluding some infant surveys with P95 exposure equal to zero. Two major uncertainties were (i) the high number of left censored data and (ii) the lack of data on important food categories. The CONTAM Panel concluded that the MOE for TCNAs at the P95 exposure is highly likely (98-100% certain) to be less than 10,000 for all age groups, which raises a health concern.

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Coexposure to Ethanol with N-Nitrosodimethylamine or 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone during Lactation of Rats: Marked Increase in O6-Methylguanine–DNA Adducts in Maternal Mammary Gland and in Suckling Lung and Kidney

Chhabra

Anderson

Perella

et al. 2000

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

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N‐nitrosodimethylamine, nitrate and nitrate‐reducing microorganisms in human milk

Cited by 8 publications

References 7 publications

Drinking Water as a Proportion of Total Human Exposure to Volatile N‐Nitrosamines

Drinking Water as a Proportion of Total Human Exposure to Volatile N‐Nitrosamines

Risk assessment of N‐nitrosamines in food

Coexposure to Ethanol with N-Nitrosodimethylamine or 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone during Lactation of Rats: Marked Increase in O6-Methylguanine–DNA Adducts in Maternal Mammary Gland and in Suckling Lung and Kidney

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