Nardostachys chinensis Batalin: A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology

Abstract

Nardostachys chinensis Batalin (Valerianaceae) has been widely used in different traditional systems of medicine, including Islamic, Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Korean folk medicine. It has been used in traditional medicine as a tranquilizer, hepatotonic, cardiotonic, diuretic, and analgesic. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies have provided valuable scientific evidence for its traditional uses. This review aims to summarize reported traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological potential of N. chinensis while identifying potential areas of further research of plant. The review comprises literature pertaining to the pharmacological potential and phytochemistry of N. chinensis using worldwide accepted scientific databases via electronic search (Elsevier, Google Scholar, Pub Med, Scopus, Springer, Wiley online library). Moreover, data from ethno botanical text books available in library and electronic search were also included. The Plant List and Kew Herbarium Catalogue databases were used to authenticate the scientific name. Different pharmacological experiments in many in vitro and in vivo models have proved the potential of N. chinensis, namely, antiinflammatory, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antihypertensive, antifungal, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, aldose reductase inhibition, and antioxidant activities. The plant contains sesquiterpenenes of various varieties including aristolane, guaiane, and nardosinane types. Moreover, it also contains coumarins, phenols, lignans, neolignans, and glycosides. Reported activities suggested that there may be pharmacological potential for developing N. chinensis as a drug for infections, hypertension, cardiac diseases, Alzheimer's disease, insomnia, epilepsy, cancer, gastric, and liver diseases. More toxicological studies should be performed that will aid the progress to clinical trial studies of N. chinensis. Abbreviations: 2K1C, two-kidney one-clip; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis; AChEI, acetylcholinesterase; BChE, butyrylcholinesterase; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; CDK, cyclindependent kinase; dbcAMP, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine mono phosphate; Dct, dopachrometautomerase; DPPH, 2,2, diphenyly 1-picryl hydrazyl; EGF, epidermal growth factor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; EV, estradiol valerate; FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power; GAP-43, growth associated protein 43; ICAM-1, intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1; IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10; I-TAC, interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemo attractant; IVSd, interventricular septal diameter at end-diastole; IVSs, interventricular septal diameter at end-systole; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVFS, left ventricular fractional shortening; LVIDd, left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole; LVIDs, left ventricular internal diameter at end-systole; LVPWd, left ventricular posterior wall at end-diastole; LVPWs, left ventricular posteriorwall at end-systole; LVW/BW, left vent...

Plant Species of Sub-Family Valerianaceae—A Review on Its Effect on the Central Nervous System

“…( Valeriana rubra L., commonly known as red valerian, red spur valerian, and spur valerian) are used in Italy as depurative [ 17 ]. N. chinensis has been used in some traditional medicines, including Chinese, Korean, and Ayurvedic medicine to treat epilepsy, hysteria, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, headache, stress indigestion, heart palpitations, mental weakness, cholera, and leprosy [ 18 ]. The leaves of Fedia cornucopieae (L.) Gaertn.…”

Degradation Profiling of Nardosinone at High Temperature and in Simulated Gastric and Intestinal Fluids

“…Nardostachys jatamansi DC., which has been extensively used for centuries in Himalayan countries to treat neurological and cardiovascular diseases [1,2], presents bioactive constituents such as nardosinone, nardosinonediol, isonardosinone, desoxo-narchinol A, and aristolone, which play crucial roles in the plant's therapeutic properties [2]. Among these constituents, nardosinone is integral for the authentication and quality evaluation of N. jatamansi [3][4][5], and it is stipulated to constitute at least 0.1% of the dried processed roots and rhizomes of the plant, according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia [6].…”

Analysis of In Vivo Existence Forms of Nardosinone in Mice by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS Technique

“…Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma (NRR), the root and rhizome of Nardostachys jatamansi DC., has the traditional pharmacological action of regulating qi, relieving pain, and relieving stagnation-syndrome, and is often used as the raw material for spices, food and cosmetics [ 7 ], and contains multiple chemical constituents, such as terpenes, flavonoids, coumarins, lignans, and volatile oils [ 8 ], of which sesquiterpenoids (e.g., nardosinone) are the main active components [ 9 ]. Pharmacological studies have shown that NRR has pharmacological effects of improving headaches, palpitations, and syncope [ 9 ], and it also has antioxidant, neuroprotective, antiepileptic, cardioprotective, anti-neuroinflammation, and other pharmacological activities [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Furthermore, NRR is mainly used in the form of compound prescription in clinical, e.g., Wenxin Granules can be used to treat premature ventricular contractions in patients with chronic heart failure [ 1 ].…”