<i>Notes from the Field:</i> Acute Hepatitis A Virus Infection Among Previously Vaccinated Persons with HIV Infection — Tennessee, 2018

Brennan, Julia; Moore, Kelly L.; Sizemore, Lindsey; Mathieson, Samantha A.; Wester, Carolyn; Dunn, John R.; Schaffner, William; Jones, Timothy F.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6814a3

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“… 113 , 114 Primary vaccination failures are, therefore, to be expected. 32 , 115 , 116 Interestingly, there has recently a HAV breakthrough infection been reported in a 29-year-old HIV patient, 7 years after full HAV vaccination which he had received 3 years prior to HIV infection, 116 however, it is not known whether he was originally a vaccine responder. In the few prospective studies on HIV-infected subjects successfully vaccinated (all with inactivated HAV vaccine) the seroprotection persisted for 7 years in 79% of 29 adolescents, 94 for 6–10 years in 85% of 116 adults, 117 for 3.7 years in 85% of 52 adults, 118 and for 5 years in 75.5% of 49 adults.…”

Section: Immunological Long-term Effects Of Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects – a review of the evidence

Herzog

Herck

Damme

2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections continue to represent a significant disease burden causing approximately 200 million infections, 30 million symptomatic illnesses and 30,000 deaths each year. Effective and safe hepatitis A vaccines have been available since the early 1990s. Initially developed for individual prophylaxis, HAV vaccines are now increasingly used to control hepatitis A in endemic areas. The human enteral HAV is eradicable in principle, however, HAV eradication is currently not being pursued. Inactivated HAV vaccines are safe and, after two doses, elicit seroprotection in healthy children, adolescents, and young adults for an estimated 30-40 years, if not lifelong, with no need for a later second booster. The long-term effects of the single-dose live-attenuated HAV vaccines are less well documented but available data suggest they are safe and provide long-lasting immunity and protection. A universal mass vaccination strategy (UMV) based on two doses of inactivated vaccine is commonly implemented in endemic countries and eliminates clinical hepatitis A disease in toddlers within a few years. Consequently, older age groups also benefit due to the herd protection effects. Single-dose UMV programs have shown promising outcomes but need to be monitored for many more years in order to document an effective immune memory persistence. In non-endemic countries, prevention efforts need to focus on 'new' risk groups, such as men having sex with men, prisoners, the homeless, and families visiting friends and relatives in endemic countries. This narrative review presents the current evidence regarding the immunological and epidemiological long-term effects of the hepatitis A vaccination and finally discusses emerging issues and areas for research.

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Section: Immunological Long-term Effects Of Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects – a review of the evidence

Herzog

Herck

Damme

2020

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…La vacuna es el medio más eficaz para prevenir la transmisión, que también se puede aplicar en post-exposición con inmunoglobulina a personas de alto riesgo. 66 En la prevención en contacto sexual, se aconseja el uso de preservativo oral. 67 El tratamiento primario para Shigella spp.…”

Section: Tratamientounclassified

“…Los estudios sugieren que la vacunación previa contra la hepatitis A en personas que viven con el VIH puede no brindar una protección confiable contra el desarrollo de la infección por el virus. Por lo tanto, la profilaxis posexposición, la aplicación de inmunoglobulinas y la vacuna monovalente pueden ser consideradas en una situación reciente de alto riesgo para el virus de la hepatitis A, independientemente del estado de vacunación anterior 66 .…”

Section: Vigilancia Prevención Y Controlunclassified

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: infecções entéricas sexualmente transmissíveis

Junior

Oliveira

Barbosa³

et al. 2021

Epidemiol. Serv. Saúde

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Resumo O tema infecções entéricas sexualmente transmissíveis é um dos capítulos que compõem o Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, publicado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil em 2020. Tal documento foi elaborado com base em evidências científicas e validado em discussões com especialistas. Este artigo apresenta aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos relacionados a essas infecções, bem como orientações para os gestores quanto ao seu manejo programático e operacional. Objetiva-se auxiliar os profissionais de saúde na triagem, diagnóstico e tratamento das pessoas com infecções entéricas sexualmente transmissíveis e suas parcerias sexuais, além de subsidiar estratégias para ações de vigilância, prevenção e controle desses agravos.

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“…In contrast, immunogenicity among transplant recipients was less favorable. Therefore, immunocompromised patients remain at risk for HAV infection despite complete vaccination 24 . According to previous studies, the seroconversion rate of standard 2-dose regimen was 26.9–71.8% among kidney transplant recipients whereas for liver transplant recipients, the seroconversion rate was 26.1–97.4% 15 , 17 , 25 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A randomized controlled trial of comparative effectiveness between the 2 dose and 3 dose regimens of hepatitis a vaccine in kidney transplant recipients

Prasoppokakorn

Vanichanan

Chaiteerakij

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is able to cause a spectrum of illnesses ranging from no symptom to fulminant hepatitis which may lead to acute kidney injury. Although hepatitis A vaccine is recommended in non-immune solid organ transplant recipients who live in or travel to endemic areas, the standard 2-dose vaccination regimen demonstrated less favorable immunogenicity among these population. The 3-dose regimen showed higher response rate and immune durability in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. However, this strategy has never been studied in solid organ transplant recipients. A single-center, open-labeled, computer-based randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a 2:1 allocation ratio was conducted from August 2017 to December 2018. The study compared the seroconversion rate after receiving 2- or 3-dose regimen of hepatitis A vaccine at 0, 6 and 0, 1, 6 months, respectively, in non-immune kidney transplant recipients. A total of 401 adult kidney transplant recipients were screened for anti-HAV IgG and 285 subjects had positive results so the seroprevalence was 71.1%. Of 116 seronegative recipients, 93 (80.2%) completed vaccination; 60 and 33 participants completed 2- and 3-dose vaccination, respectively. The baseline characteristics were comparable between both groups. The seroconversion rate at 1 month after vaccination was 51.7% in the standard 2-dose regimen and 48.5% in the 3-dose regimen (p = 0.769). Overall, the seroconversion rate appeared to be associated with high estimated glomerular infiltration rate, high serum albumin, and low intensity immunosuppressive regimen. Seroconversion rate after hepatitis A vaccination in kidney transplant recipients was less favorable than healthy population. Three-dose regimen did not show superior benefit over the standard 2-dose regimen. Other strategies of immunization may increase immunogenicity among kidney transplant recipients.

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Notes from the Field: Acute Hepatitis A Virus Infection Among Previously Vaccinated Persons with HIV Infection — Tennessee, 2018

Cited by 16 publications

References 3 publications

Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects – a review of the evidence

Hepatitis A vaccination and its immunological and epidemiological long-term effects – a review of the evidence

Protocolo Brasileiro para Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis 2020: infecções entéricas sexualmente transmissíveis

A randomized controlled trial of comparative effectiveness between the 2 dose and 3 dose regimens of hepatitis a vaccine in kidney transplant recipients

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