Notes from the Field:Brucella abortus Vaccine Strain RB51 Infection and Exposures Associated with Raw Milk Consumption — Wise County, Texas, 2017

Cossaboom, Caitlin M.; Kharod, Grishma A.; Salzer, Johanna S.; Tiller, Rebekah; Campbell, Lindsay P.; Wu, Karen; Negrón, María; Ayala, Naomi; Evert, Nicole; Radowicz, Jill; Shuford, Jennifer A.; Stonecipher, Shelley

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6709a4

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Infection from Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis causes abortion in cattle, sheep and goats which constitutes a serious threat to the livestock industry and a source of human infection [1]. The vaccine strain RB51 can also be responsible for disease transmission to humans through pathogen excretion in milk [2,3]. For these reasons, studies of the virulence determinants of Brucella Biomolecules 2020, 10, 788 2 of 14 and the mechanisms that regulate the expression of virulence genes are fundamental to understand how to handle the spread of brucellosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Impacts of MucR Binding to the babR and virB Promoters on Gene Expression in Brucella abortus 2308

Borriello¹,

Russo

Paradiso³

et al. 2020

Biomolecules

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The protein MucR from Brucella abortus has been described as a transcriptional regulator of many virulence genes. It is a member of the Ros/MucR family comprising proteins that control the expression of genes important for the successful interaction of α-proteobacteria with their eukaryotic hosts. Despite clear evidence of the role of MucR in repressing virulence genes, no study has been carried out so far demonstrating the direct interaction of this protein with the promoter of its target gene babR encoding a LuxR-like regulator repressing virB genes. In this study, we show for the first time the ability of MucR to bind the promoter of babR in electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrating a direct role of MucR in repressing this gene. Furthermore, we demonstrate that MucR can bind the virB gene promoter. Analyses by RT-qPCR showed no significant differences in the expression level of virB genes in Brucella abortus CC092 lacking MucR compared to the wild-type Brucella abortus strain, indicating that MucR binding to the virB promoter has little impact on virB gene expression in B. abortus 2308. The MucR modality to bind the two promoters analyzed supports our previous hypothesis that this is a histone-like protein never found before in Brucella.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Impacts of MucR Binding to the babR and virB Promoters on Gene Expression in Brucella abortus 2308

Borriello¹,

Russo

Paradiso³

et al. 2020

Biomolecules

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“…The presence of harmful pathogens in milk or dairy products can occur from either a direct passage from the animal, contamination of the expressed milk by animal excreta, or unsanitary handling of the milking process (13). For many years, several outbreaks of diseases resulting from the consumption of raw dairy products have been reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (6,15,(17)(18)(19). In recent times, at least three cases of human brucellosis have been confirmed by the CDC resulting from an exposure to the live-attenuated vaccine strain Brucella abortus RB51 following the consumption of raw milk (18,19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, 13 states allow raw milk to be sold in retail stores, 17 states allow raw milk to be sold only on farms where the milk is produced, 8 states allow raw milk to be obtained via the cowshare program (which involves the leasing of cows to obtain a percentage of a cow's milk production), while 21 states prohibit the sale of raw milk for human consumption (6). Interestingly, outbreaks of raw milk-related diseases including brucellosis have been reported mostly in states that legalize the sale of raw milk (11,17,19,21,22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building the Evidence Base for the Prevention of Raw Milk-Acquired Brucellosis: A Systematic Review

Adetunji

Ramı́rez

Ficht

et al. 2020

Front. Public Health

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Background: The scientific evidence of the health risks associated with the consumption of raw milk has been known for a long time. However, less clear is the impact of acquiring infectious diseases from raw milk consumption in the United States (US) due to incomplete reporting of cases and the complex factors associated with the sale and consumption of raw milk. Investigations of this current study focused on human brucellosis, one of the infectious diseases commonly acquired through the consumption of raw milk and milk products, and which continues to be a public health threat worldwide.Methodology: A qualitative systematic review of the sources of opinions that contribute to the increased trend of raw milk sales and consumption in the US was conducted.Results: Interestingly, opinions about the sale of raw milk and/or the benefits arising from its consumption varied by US region, with the proportion of messages supporting raw milk consumption being highest in the Northeast compared to other US regions. Several evidence gaps and factors that possibly contribute to the increased prevalence of raw milk-acquired brucellosis were identified including inadequate monitoring of the raw milk sales process and lack of approved diagnostic methods for validating the safety of raw milk for human consumption. Conclusions:The unavailability of data specifying brucellosis cases acquired from raw milk consumption have precluded the direct association between raw milk and increased brucellosis prevalence in the United States. Nevertheless, the evidence gaps identified in this study demonstrate the need for intensified surveillance of raw-milk acquired infectious diseases including human brucellosis; establishment of safety and quality control measures for the process of selling raw milk; and design of an effective strategy for the prevention of raw milk-acquired infectious diseases including brucellosis. Overall, for the first time, this study has not only shown the gaps in evidence that require future investigations, but also, variations in the perception of raw milk consumption that may impact disease acquisition in different US regions.

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“…The current vaccines used to prevent bovine brucellosis are the live attenuated strains B. abortus RB51 and S19 (Goodwin and Pascual, 2016). However, these vaccines can cause abortion in immunized pregnant animals, interference in serological tests based on lipopolysaccharides and pathogenicity in humans (Dorneles et al, 2015;Yousefi et al, 2016;Cossaboom et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Article DNA vaccine and DNA prime-protein boost with the virB9 and virB12 genes induced low level of protection against Brucella abortus infection in mice

Caitano-Bertolacci¹,

Bastos²,

Santos³

et al. 2019

Genet. Mol. Res.

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VIRB proteins from Brucella spp. constitute the type IV Secretion System (T4SS), a key virulence factor that mediates the intracellular survival of these bacteria. We investigated the immunogenicity and protection of proteins produced by the virB9 and virB12 genes in the DNA vaccine and DNA prime-protein boost strategies. Groups of 10 mice were vaccinated with pcDNAvirB9, pcDNAvirB12, pcDNAvirB9+rVIRB9 or pcDNAvirB12+rVIRB12. The latter two groups were vaccinated with the proteins rVIRB9 and rVIRB12, respectively, during the third immunization. Three weeks after the last immunization, six animals from each group were challenged intraperitoneally with B. abortus strain S2308, and the efficacy of the vaccines was calculated as the log 10 of protection by subtracting the mean log CFU of the vaccinated group from the mean log CFU of the ©FUNPEC-RP www.funpecrp.com.br Genetics and Molecular Research 18 (2): gmr18295 M.A.B. Caitano-Bertolacciet al. 2negative control group (injected with sterile saline). Most of the vaccinated mice produced total IgG and the subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a against the respective protein, except for the mice vaccinated with pcDNAvirB12. Cytokines IFN-γ and IL-10 were produced, but without a significant difference between the vaccinated and negative control groups. The vaccines did not induce significant levels of protection, in contrast to the immunization obtained with the S19 vaccine strain (Log 10 , 1.48). In conclusion, the virB9 and virB12 genes of B. abortus, using DNA vaccine and DNA prime-protein boost strategies, were able to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, but not enough to induce significant protection in the immunized mice. However, given the response in this system, further investigations using the virB9 and virB12 genes of Brucella spp., together with different immune modulators, are warranted. An effort should be made to direct and enhance the immune response, in order to identify a combination that stimulates a better immune response and, consequently, a better level of protection.

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Notes from the Field:Brucella abortus Vaccine Strain RB51 Infection and Exposures Associated with Raw Milk Consumption — Wise County, Texas, 2017

Cited by 34 publications

References 2 publications

Different Impacts of MucR Binding to the babR and virB Promoters on Gene Expression in Brucella abortus 2308

Different Impacts of MucR Binding to the babR and virB Promoters on Gene Expression in Brucella abortus 2308

Building the Evidence Base for the Prevention of Raw Milk-Acquired Brucellosis: A Systematic Review

Research Article DNA vaccine and DNA prime-protein boost with the <i>virB9</i> and <i>virB12</i> genes induced low level of protection against <i>Brucella</i> <i>abortus</i> infection in mice

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