<i>Notes from the Field:</i> Investigation of an Outbreak of <i>Salmonella</i> Paratyphi B Variant L(+) tartrate + (Java) Associated with Ball Python Exposure — United States, 2017

Krishnasamy, Vikram; Stevenson, Lauren; Koski, Lia; Kellis, Marilee; Schroeder, Betsy; Sundararajan, Madhura; Ladd-Wilson, Stephen; Sampsel, Ashley; Mannell, Mike; Classon, Andrew; Wagner, Darlene; Hise, Kelley; Carleton, Heather A.; Trees, Eija; Schlater, Linda K.; Lantz, Kristina; Nichols, Megin

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6719a7

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…While there is no strict definition of maximum SNP differences to define clonality or outbreak status, studies on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium have suggested that outbreak isolates may differ by up to 4 SNPs, although miniclusters can be identified within a larger outbreak with Յ2 SNP differences (19). For S. Java, the CDC previously reported python-implicated outbreaks with isolates with 0 to 2 SNP differences; cases from other U.S. states that fell within the same cluster were not closely genetically related (up to 24 SNPs) (20). More recently, another S. Java outbreak from tuna reported clinical isolates with 0 to 4 SNP differences (21).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paratyphi B variants of Salmonella enterica have traditionally been associated with paratyphoid fever, but epidemiological evidence indicates that tartrateutilizing S. Java tends to present clinically as gastroenteritis similar to nontyphoidal salmonellosis (25); due to its relatively mild symptoms, infections with this serovar are more likely to be missed by clinical surveillance. While a number of recent S. Java outbreaks have been linked to domestic exposure to aquatic pets or reptiles, including turtles (26), pythons (20), and aquariums (27), many outbreaks have been associated with contaminated food (28)(29)(30). Specifically, another multistate outbreak due to contaminated frozen raw fish was reported (21), which has far-reaching implications regarding the point of contamination; fish is often consumed raw as sushi (increasing the likelihood of infection) (21), and outbreaks may extend for months as frozen fish is thawed and consumed (15).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinically Unreported Salmonellosis Outbreak Detected via Comparative Genomic Analysis of Municipal Wastewater Salmonella Isolates

Diemert

Yan

2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Municipal wastewater includes human waste that contains both commensal and pathogenic enteric microorganisms, and this collective community microbiome can be monitored for community diseases. In a previous study, we assessed the salmonellosis disease burden using municipal wastewater from Honolulu, Hawaii, which was monitored over a 54-week period. During that time, a strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B variant L(ϩ) tartrate(ϩ) (also known as Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi B variant Java) was identified; this strain was detected simultaneously with a clinically reported outbreak, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns were identical for clinical and municipal wastewater isolates. Months after the outbreak subsided, the same pulsotype was detected as the dominant pulsotype in municipal wastewater samples, with no corresponding clinical cases reported. Using genomic characterization (including core single-nucleotide polymorphism alignment, core genome multilocus sequence typing, and screening for virulence and antibiotic resistance genes), all S. Java municipal wastewater isolates were determined to be clonal, indicating a resurgence of the original outbreak strain. This demonstrates the feasibility and utility of municipal wastewater surveillance for determining enteric disease outbreaks that may be missed by traditional clinical surveillance methods. IMPORTANCE Underdetection of microbial infectious disease outbreaks in human communities carries enormous health costs and is an ongoing problem in public health monitoring (which relies almost exclusively on data from health clinics). Surveillance of municipal wastewater for community-level monitoring of infectious disease burdens has the potential to fill this information gap, due to its easy access to the mixed community microbiome. In the present study, the genomes of 21 S. Java isolates (collected from municipal wastewater in Honolulu) were analyzed; results showed that the same Salmonella strain that caused a known salmonellosis clinical outbreak in spring 2010 remerged as the most dominant strain in municipal wastewater in spring 2011, indicating a new outbreak that was not detected by health clinics. Our results show that wastewater monitoring holds great promise to inform the field of public health regarding outbreak status within communities.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinically Unreported Salmonellosis Outbreak Detected via Comparative Genomic Analysis of Municipal Wastewater Salmonella Isolates

Diemert

Yan

2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Nevertheless, Salmonella serovars with a high zoonotic potential were identified in 15.5% of the reptiles (Table 3). S. Paratyphi B var Java [39][40][41], S. ser. Muenchen [42], S. ser.…”

Section: Zoonotic Potential Of Identified Salmonella Serovarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from reptiles in Norwegian zoos

et al. 2020

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Background: Reptiles are known to be asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella spp. in their gastrointestinal mucosa and a variety of Salmonella serovars including exotic serovars mainly associated with reptiles as well as human pathogenic serovars have been isolated. There are many case reports of reptile-associated Salmonella infections worldwide, including one case in Norway in 2000. In August 2017, there was a legislative change in Norway that allowed more permissive reptile ownership and legalized the keeping of 19 different reptile species by private persons. There has been a concern that this new legislation will lead to an increase in reptile-associated salmonellosis in Norway, however knowledge is lacking on the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in Norwegian reptiles. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in captive reptile species in Norway, identify the serovars and evaluate their zoonotic potential. Thus, cloacal swabs were taken from 53 snakes, 15 lizards and 35 chelonians from three Norwegian zoos, and assessed for the presence of Salmonella spp. by culture, biochemical testing and serotyping. Results: In total, 43% of the reptiles were shedding Salmonella spp., with a prevalence of 62%, 67% and 3% in snakes, lizards and chelonians, respectively. A total of 26 different serovars were found, including Salmonella enterica spp. enterica (40%) and S. enterica spp. arizonae (4%), both of which are considered to have a high zoonotic potential. S. enterica spp. diarizonae, salamae and houtenae were also identified, however these serovars are considered to have a lower zoonotic potential. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates that captive Norwegian reptiles are carriers of potentially zoonotic Salmonella spp. Given the increasing popularity of reptiles as pets and the legislative change, reptile-associated salmonellosis could become an increasingly important public health concern in Norway. Adequate public information about the risk of Salmonella infection as well as preventive measures to avoid Salmonella transmission from reptiles to humans is needed. The risk of Salmonella infection is considered low when recommended precautions are taken and good hygiene exhibited.

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“…Behaviour Abnormal posture [46]; Anorexia [46,47]; Disorientation [47]; head tremors [47]; Incoordination [47]; Lethargy [46]; Open-mouthed breathing [48]; Regurgitation [47]; Stargazing [47] Health Hyperglycaemia [49]; Anemia [49]; Azurophilia [49]; bacterial infection (unspecified) [46,[50][51][52]; bilateral corneal opacity [8]; bilateral corneal ulceration [53]; bronchial epithelial hyperplasia [54]; cardiac malformations [55]; **caudal paralysis [46]; central nervous system disease [46,47]; corneal ulceration [54]; dermatitis [54]; **dysecdysis [53]; ectoparasite presence [56]; elevated creatine kinase activity [49]; esophagitis [48,57]; *facial cellulitis [58]; **facultative parthenogenesis [59]; focal dermatitis [46]; gastrointestinal tract diseases (unspecified) [60]; granulocytic meningomyelitis [46]; hamartoma [49]; hepatic lipidosis [54]; heteropenia [49]; moderate heterophilic and lymphocytic anterior uveitis [53]; heterophilic and lymphocytic keratoconjunctivitis with neovascularization and intralesional bacterial colonies [53]; histiocytic meningomyelitis…”

Section: Domain Terms (Taken Directly From Source Papers)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[58], Leptospira grippotyphosa [61], Lysobacter pythonis [79], Moraxella osloensis [77], Morganella morganii [49,64], Mycoplasmosis [48], Proteus vulgaris [65], Providencia rettgeri [80], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [49,58,65,67], P. floureszens [65], P. japonica [77], Pseudomonas spp. [64], Salmonella Muenchen [65], Salmonella Paratyphi B [50,65], Salmonella spp. [49,64,65], Salmonella ssp.…”

Section: Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Blind Trading: A Literature Review of Research Addressing the Welfare of Ball Pythons in the Exotic Pet Trade

Green¹,

Coulthard

Megson

et al. 2020

Animals

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Extensive numbers of Ball pythons are caught, bred, traded and subsequently kept in captivity across the world as part of the exotic pet industry. Despite their widespread availability as pets, relatively little is known about the potential welfare challenges affecting them. We reviewed the literature for research focused on the health and welfare of Ball pythons in the international pet trade. From a total of 88 articles returned from the search criteria, our analysis showed that very few actually focused on trade (10%) or animal welfare (17%). Instead, the majority (64%) of articles focused on veterinary science. There was a considerable bias towards physical health, with most studies neglecting the four other domains of animal welfare (behaviour, nutrition, environment and mental health). Furthermore, very few studies considered Ball pythons prior to resulting pet ownership, during wild capture and transportation or captive breeding operations. Our review demonstrates that our current understanding of welfare for Ball pythons traded as exotic pets is limited. We recommend that future research should focus on aspects of the industry that are currently overlooked, including the potential consequences of genetic selection during captive-breeding and the conditions provided for snakes prior to and during international transportation.

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Notes from the Field: Investigation of an Outbreak of Salmonella Paratyphi B Variant L(+) tartrate + (Java) Associated with Ball Python Exposure — United States, 2017

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

Clinically Unreported Salmonellosis Outbreak Detected via Comparative Genomic Analysis of Municipal Wastewater Salmonella Isolates

Clinically Unreported Salmonellosis Outbreak Detected via Comparative Genomic Analysis of Municipal Wastewater Salmonella Isolates

Prevalence of Salmonella serovars isolated from reptiles in Norwegian zoos

Blind Trading: A Literature Review of Research Addressing the Welfare of Ball Pythons in the Exotic Pet Trade

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