<i>Notes from the Field</i>: Ongoing Cholera Outbreak — Kenya, 2014–2016

George, Geraldine; Rotich, Jacob K.; Kigen, Hudson Taabukk; Catherine, K; Waweru, Bancy; Boru, Waqo; Galgalo, Tura; Githuku, Jane; Obonyo, Mark; Curran, Kathryn; Narra, Rupa; Crowe, Samuel J.; Ce, O'Reilly; Macharia, Daniel; Montgomery, Joel M.; Neatherlin, John; Km, De Cock; Lowther, Sara A.; Gura, Zeinab; Langat, Daniel; Njeru, Ian; Kioko, Jackson; Muraguri, Nicholas

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6503a7

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…5 Between January 2015 to January 2016, a total of 11,033 cases were reported with 178 deaths (CFR = 1.6%) in 22 of 47 counties. 6 V. cholerae is classified into approximately 206 serogroups, of which O1 and O139 produce cholera toxin (CT) associated with cholera pandemics. 7 The O1 serogroup is further divided into three serotypes, namely Inaba, Ogawa, and Hikojima and two biotypes, namely classical and El Tor.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates responsible for cholera outbreaks in Kenya between 1975 and 2017

Bundi

Shah

ODOYO

et al. 2019

Microbiology and Immunology

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Kenya is endemic for cholera with different waves of outbreaks having been documented since 1971. In recent years, new variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 have emerged and have replaced most of the traditional El Tor biotype globally.These strains also appear to have increased virulence, and it is important to describe and document their phenotypic and genotypic traits. This study characterized 146 V. cholerae O1 isolates from cholera outbreaks that occurred in Kenya between 1975 and 2017. Our study reports that the 1975-1984 strains had typical classical or El Tor biotype characters. New variants of V. cholerae O1 having traits of both classical and El Tor biotypes were observed from 2007 with all strains isolated between 2015 and 2017 being sensitive to polymyxin B and carrying both classical and El Tor type ctxB. All strains were resistant to Phage IV and harbored rstR, rtxC, hlyA, rtxA and tcpA genes specific for El Tor biotype indicating that the strains had an El Tor backbone. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotyping differentiated the isolates into 14 pulsotypes. The clustering also corresponded with the year of isolation signifying that the cholera outbreaks occurred as separate waves of different genetic fingerprints exhibiting different genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. The emergence and prevalence of V. cholerae O1 strains carrying El Tor type and classical type ctxB in Kenya are reported. These strains have replaced the typical El Tor biotype in Kenya and are potentially more virulent and easily transmitted within the population. K E Y W O R D Sbiotyping, cholera outbreaks, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, Vibrio cholerae O1

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates responsible for cholera outbreaks in Kenya between 1975 and 2017

Bundi

Shah

ODOYO

et al. 2019

Microbiology and Immunology

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“…On November 18 and 19, 2015, during an ongoing national cholera outbreak ( 2 ), two camp residents were evaluated for acute watery diarrhea (three or more stools in ≤24 hours); Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 serotype Ogawa was isolated from stool specimens collected from both patients. Within 1 week of the report of index cases, an additional 45 cases of acute watery diarrhea were reported.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cholera Outbreak in Dadaab Refugee Camp, Kenya — November 2015–June 2016

Golicha¹,

Shetty²,

Nasiblov³

et al. 2018

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Dadaab Refugee camp in Garissa County, Kenya, hosts nearly 340,000 refugees in five subcamps (Dagahaley, Hagadera, Ifo, Ifo2, and Kambioos) (1). On November 18 and 19, 2015, during an ongoing national cholera outbreak (2), two camp residents were evaluated for acute watery diarrhea (three or more stools in ≤24 hours); Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 serotype Ogawa was isolated from stool specimens collected from both patients. Within 1 week of the report of index cases, an additional 45 cases of acute watery diarrhea were reported. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and their health-sector partners coordinated the cholera response, community outreach and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) activities; Médecins Sans Frontiéres and the International Rescue Committee were involved in management of cholera treatment centers; CDC performed laboratory confirmation of cases and undertook GIS mapping and postoutbreak response assessment; and the Garissa County Government and the Kenya Ministry of Health conducted a case-control study. To prevent future cholera outbreaks, improvements to WASH and enhanced disease surveillance systems in Dadaab camp and the surrounding area are needed.

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“…From 2008 and a decade after that, more than 270,852 people were reportedly affected with 5,231 dead (CFR 1.9%) nationwide. Moreso, the nationwide case report thereafter, was as follows; more than 53,000 cases and 1,145 deaths in 2017 from 20 of the 26 provinces in the country [57], 31 387 cases, including 1,042 deaths in 2018 and 10,469 suspected cases, including 241 deaths (CFR: 2.3%) by May 12, 2019, across the country [45].…”

Section: The African Casementioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Cholera Epidemiology: A Focus on Africa; with a Keen Interest on Nigeria

Tarh

2020

IJTDH

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Cholera is still a problem in the world today. A huge population of deaths due to cholera disease still occur in Sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria most especially), Asia, the Americas and other developing countries, where approximately 1.7 billion inhabitants are still served by faecally polluted water sources. Approximately, 2.4 billion inhabitants of these areas of the world lack the majorly required sanitary conditions of living. Legros, asserts that, as of 2019, about forty-seven countries of the globe, are still affected by cholera. Raw or undercooked, contaminated seafood, serves as a vehicle for the transmission (especially to non-endemic areas). A Case Fatality Rate of 4.87% was recorded from 34 Local Government Areas of Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Kano and Zamfara state in Nigeria by the 34th week, in 2018, while 298 confirmed cases and 38 deaths (CFR 1.5%) were recorded from three Local Government Areas in two States (Adamawa & Borno) by Epidemiological week 41 in 2019. Cholera in some cases is regarded as a “disease of the poor” because the populations most affected are those that cannot afford to provide the basic health facilities for themselves. For example, waste management systems, and good accommodation with toilet facilities (the living and health conditions of the people) are wanting. In 2017, A Global Roadmap to 2030 was launched by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC Ending Cholera) to decrease the death rate due to cholera by 90%. By so doing, the disease can be eradicated from at least half of the 47 cholera-affected countries. The objectives of this roadmap are: to fortify health systems, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), and to coordinate different ways by which cholera can be controlled in these countries by 2030 (ensuring early detection and prompt response to contain outbreaks). This review aimed to understand the epidemiology of cholera in Nigeria, Africa and the world at large, to access the level of spread, management and preventive measures so far implemented in the endemic regions.

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Notes from the Field: Ongoing Cholera Outbreak — Kenya, 2014–2016

Cited by 26 publications

References 1 publication

Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates responsible for cholera outbreaks in Kenya between 1975 and 2017

Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates responsible for cholera outbreaks in Kenya between 1975 and 2017

Cholera Outbreak in Dadaab Refugee Camp, Kenya — November 2015–June 2016

An Overview of Cholera Epidemiology: A Focus on Africa; with a Keen Interest on Nigeria

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