<i>Notes from the Field:</i> Responding to an Outbreak of Monkeypox Using the One Health Approach — Nigeria, 2017–2018

Eteng, Womi-Eteng; Mandra, Anna; Doty, Jeff; Yinka-Ogunleye, Adesola; Aruna, Sola; Reynolds, Mary G.; McCollum, Andrea M.; Davidson, Whitni; Wilkins, Kimberly; Saleh, Muhammad; Ipadeola, Oladipupo; Manneh, Lamin; Anebonam, Uchenna; Abdulkareem, Zainab; Okoli, Nma; Agenyi, Jeremiah; Dan-Nwafor, Chioma; Mahmodu, Ibrahim; Ihekweazu, Chikwe

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6737a5

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…56 Ongoing Monkeypox Outbreak in West Africa On September 22, 2017, the Nigeria Center for Disease Control (NCDC) commenced an outbreak investigation following the identification of a suspected case of monkeypox in an 11-year-old child. 57 The data available indicate that the current outbreak is either a multisource outbreak or one stemming from previously undetected endemic transmission, because the cases were not epidemiologically linked. 28,[58][59][60] The exact zoonotic origin and role of environmental and ecologic factors in the Nigerian outbreak are not yet known.…”

Section: Monkeypox Cases In the United Kingdom And Israelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Monkeypox

Petersen

Kantele

Koopmans

et al. 2019

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

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All authors contributed equally. A. Zumla, D. Asogun, and C. Ihekweazu are members of the PANDORA-ID-NET Consortium. PANDORA-ID-NET (EDCTP Reg/Grant RIA2016E-1609) is funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP2) programme, which is supported under Horizon 2020, the European Union's Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. A. Zumla is in receipt of a National Institutes of Health Research senior investigator award. Conflicts of Interest: All authors have an interest in global public health and emerging and reemerging infections. All authors have no other conflict of interest to declare.

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Section: Monkeypox Cases In the United Kingdom And Israelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Monkeypox

Petersen

Kantele

Koopmans

et al. 2019

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

Self Cite

556

353

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“…However, as also suggested by the authors, the hypothesis of a natural circulation within Cameroon cannot be completely ruled out 12 . Monkeypox cases caused by the West African clade of MPXV have recently been identified outside of the African continent 13 , 14 . Three human cases were diagnosed in the United Kingdom (UK), the first of which involved a person traveling through Paris from Nigeria, and the second resulting in a nosocomial transmission to a health worker in the UK 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018

Berthet

Descorps-Declère

Besombes

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

118

108

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Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease, which has a clinical presentation similar to smallpox. In the two past decades, Central Africa has seen an increase in the frequency of cases, with many monkeypox virus (MPXV) isolates detected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR). To date, no complete MPXV viral genome has been published from the human cases identified in the CAR. The objective of this study was to sequence the full genome of 10 MPXV isolates collected during the CAR epidemics between 2001 and 2018 in order to determine their phylogenetic relationships among MPXV lineages previously described in Central Africa and West Africa. Our phylogenetic results indicate that the 10 CAR isolates belong to three lineages closely related to those found in DRC. The phylogenetic pattern shows that all of them emerged in the rainforest block of the Congo Basin. Since most human index cases in CAR occurred at the northern edge of western and eastern rainforests, transmissions from wild animals living in the rainforest is the most probable hypothesis. In addition, molecular dating estimates suggest that periods of intense political instability resulting in population movements within the country often associated also with increased poverty may have led to more frequent contact with host wild animals. The CAR socio-economic situation, armed conflicts and ecological disturbances will likely incite populations to interact more and more with wild animals and thus increase the risk of zoonotic spillover.

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“…In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) the mortality rate of the Central African strain is 11% (Ježek et al, 1987). Since the first case of human infection in 1970, there have been numerous outbreaks in the DRC (Eteng et al, 2018). Annually, the DRC reports over 2,000 cases of suspected infections and is the only country in an endemic state (Mwamba et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2003, 47 cases of MPX were reported across five states in the U.S., originating from a shipment of animals from Ghana imported to Texas (CDC, 2003). In 2018, 3 cases of MPX were reported in the United Kingdom, making it the first time since the 2003 United States outbreak that the disease had reached a country outside of Africa (Eteng et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite MPX's high case fatality rate (Ježek et al, 1987) there are no known cures (Eteng et al, 2018). Until recently, there were no disease-specific preventative measures such as vaccines, though existing smallpox vaccines have historically been around 85% successful (Eteng et al, 2018). However, administration of the smallpox vaccine has ceased since the disease's eradication in 1980, resulting in lowered immunity against Orthopoxviruses in general.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A game-theoretic model of Monkeypox to assess vaccination strategies

Bankuru

Kossol

Hou

et al. 2020

PeerJ

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Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic disease similar to smallpox. Its fatality rate is about 11% and it is endemic to the Central and West African countries. In this paper, we analyze a compartmental model of MPX dynamics. Our goal is to see whether MPX can be controlled and eradicated by voluntary vaccinations. We show that there are three equilibria—disease free, fully endemic and previously neglected semi-endemic (with disease existing only among humans). The existence of semi-endemic equilibrium has severe implications should the MPX virus mutate to increased viral fitness in humans. We find that MPX is controllable and can be eradicated in a semi-endemic equilibrium by vaccination. However, in a fully endemic equilibrium, MPX cannot be eradicated by vaccination alone.

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Notes from the Field: Responding to an Outbreak of Monkeypox Using the One Health Approach — Nigeria, 2017–2018

Cited by 39 publications

References 3 publications

Human Monkeypox

Human Monkeypox

Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018

A game-theoretic model of Monkeypox to assess vaccination strategies

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