“…However, these methods require expensive devices needing delicate handling, which limits their potential for the development of easily accessible bedside diagnostic applications. Both colorimetric and fluorescent gas sensors use a visual detection method where an immediate color change is seen by the eye when the chemical analyte contacts the receptor. − Sensors based on changes of colors have been used in various fields including environmental studies, analytical chemistry, forensics, and biological diagnostics. − Fluorescent sensors showing turn-on, turn-off, or turn-on-off behavior when in contact with the analyte were developed for the detection of different substances, such as ammonia gas, metal ions, and biothiols. , Fluorescent sensors are a composite of different materials such as dyes, fluorescent proteins, carbon dots (CDs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) . Interaction between fluorescent materials with analyte substances is either by covalent interactions or noncovalent interactions: coordination, hydrogen bonds, π–π interactions, hydrophobic- or hydrophilic-based interactions, donor/acceptor pairs, or electrostatic interactions.…”