Binary, ternary, and quaternary metal chalcogenides are considered in this article. The compound stoichiometries in each family are first analyzed with the aid of compositional diagrams. Then, the various synthetic approaches are reviewed followed by a discussion of the structural attributes. The advances with computational study of electronic band structures are next reviewed followed by a discussion of the optical and optoelectronic properties. Mixed compounds, doping, and solid solutions are next discussed followed with a summary and perspectives for future study. While metal chalcogenides are important from a wide array of practical applications (energy conversion/storage, microelectronics, lubrication, etc.), the approach adopted in this review article focuses on material properties that enable these applications.