<i>P</i> and <i>S</i> Velocity Structure in the Groningen Gas Reservoir From Noise Interferometry

Zhou, Wen; Paulssen, Hanneke

doi:10.1002/2017gl075592

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Body-wave retrieval is more challenging; however, recent exam-ples attest to that possibility (e.g., Roux et al, 2005;Ruigrok et al, 2011;Poli et al, 2012;Nakata et al, 2015;Spica, Perton, Nakata, et al, 2017). In active producing fields (oil, gas, or geothermal), ASF interferometry of geophones in boreholes is emerging as a method well suited for permanent reservoir monitoring (e.g., Hillers et al, 2015;Behm, 2017) or to assess the P-and S-velocity structure of such reservoirs (e.g., Miya-zawa et al, 2008;Zhou and Paulssen, 2017). Trapped waves in the ASF between geological boundaries can also be used to quantify certain of the reservoir characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ambient Seismic Field at Groningen Gas Field: An Overview from the Surface to Reservoir Depth

Spica

Nakata

Liu

et al. 2018

Seismological Research Letters

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The long-term exploitation of the Groningen gas field led to compaction at reservoir depth, subsequent ground subsidence, and recently earthquakes. As part of an ongoing effort to quantify the hazard and risk in the region, several permanent and temporary seismic arrays have been deployed. As a result, the Groningen area is one of the seismologically best-instrumented areas worldwide. In this article, we describe several seismic experiments that were conducted in the region and take advantage of the numerous possibilities they offer to characterize the ambient seismic wavefield at the surface, in the shallow subsurface, and at reservoir depth. By means of beamforming, analysis of cross-correlation functions, surface-wave eigenfunction analysis, and correlations of neighboring frequencies, we are able to determine the main characteristics of the ambient seismic field (ASF), including the predominant propagation modes and phases. We retrieve clear multimode Rayleigh and Love waves, as well as and P waves, from cross correlations of the ASF. At reservoir depth, we show that the wavefield is largely trapped and reflected between geologic boundaries above and below the reservoir. This article reviews the characteristics of ASF observations with the goal of guiding future investigations of shallow structure of the Groningen area. Electronic Supplement: Figure showing cross-correlation envelope functions between the two deep borehole arrays.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ambient Seismic Field at Groningen Gas Field: An Overview from the Surface to Reservoir Depth

Spica

Nakata

Liu

et al. 2018

Seismological Research Letters

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“…Since the installation of the G-array in late 2015 ( Fig. 1b), several studies have developed region-specific models of the subsurface, with the goal of reducing epistemic uncertainty in ground-motion prediction models (Hofman et al, 2017;Kruiver et al, 2017;Zhou and Paulssen, 2017;Noorlandt et al, 2018). This study pursues this same objective through a novel technique to develop a high-resolution near-surface V S model of the Loppersum area ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shallow VS Imaging of the Groningen Area from Joint Inversion of Multimode Surface Waves and H/V Spectral Ratios

Spica

Perton

Nakata

et al. 2018

Seismological Research Letters

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The Groningen gas field in the northern Netherlands is subject to production-induced earthquakes and has quickly become one of the seismologically best-instrumented areas on Earth. Accurate quantification of seismic hazard from potential future earthquakes requires accurate shallow velocity structure for ground-motion prediction. Toward this end, we present a shear-wave velocity model developed through the joint inversion of multimode Love-and Rayleigh-wave dispersion curves (DCs) and H/V spectral ratio (HVSR) measurements. We obtain local DCs from azimuthally averaged frequency-time analysis of the cross correlation of the ambient seismic field (ASF) between pairs of stations. HVSR is measured at each station from the directional energy density, that is, the autocorrelation of the ASF for all components. We simultaneously fit these observables at each station of the dense Loppersum array to infer a 1D velocity model from the surface to a depth of ∼900 m. In the frequency range considered (∼1-7 Hz), Rayleigh-wave DCs show high modal complexity, which makes clear identification of the modes challenging and leads us to downweight their contribution to the result. Fundamentaland higher-mode Love-wave dispersion is much clearer. We find good agreement between our model and independently derived models of shallow structure, which validates our approach and supports the value of HVSR analysis as a tool to map subsurface properties. Electronic Supplement: Frequency-time diagrams, theoretical k x , omega diagrams, example joint inversion for site 235587, and example of horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratio (HVSR) at station site 235587.

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“…Electrospinning has earned great attention in recent years as a versatile and convenient technique due to its unique properties like good interconnected porous structure and high porosity. 6,7 Compared with the conventional techniques such as mechanical fibrillation, template methods, electrospinning can quickly prepare the porous membranes. [8][9][10] Besides that, the steerable porous structure and broad range of raw materials endow electrospinning with the ability to effectively fabricate a waterproof/breathable functional membrane.…”

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confidence: 99%

Improving waterproof/breathable performance of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) fibrous membranes by thermo‐pressing

Lin

Bian

et al. 2017

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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Facing the ever-increasing demand for waterproof/ breathable materials, a rapid and efficient fabrication method of these functional materials with excellent performance as well as robust mechanical properties remains challenging. Herein, a simple and scalable strategy referred to as thermopressing is introduced to improve the waterproof/breathable performance and mechanical properties of electrospun PVDF fibrous membranes. The synergistic effect of temperature and pressure acted on the electrospun PVDF membranes on the fiber morphology and crystal structure was investigated, which can be able to effectively enhance waterproof performance and mechanical properties, endowing the as-prepared membranes with a modest breathability. The membranes thermo-pressed at 150 8C with a pressure of 8.27 MPa exhibit robust tensile strength of 40.65 MPa, which is superior to those of the previous reports (below 32.8 MPa). Notably, the optimized membranes enable to show a high hydrostatic pressure of 102 kPa, good WVTR of 10.87 kg m 22 d 21 and excellent abrasion resistance, which implies that the thermo-pressing is an efficient and facile way to steer the fiber morphology and crystal structure of electrospun membranes to improve their application performance.

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P and S Velocity Structure in the Groningen Gas Reservoir From Noise Interferometry

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

The Ambient Seismic Field at Groningen Gas Field: An Overview from the Surface to Reservoir Depth

The Ambient Seismic Field at Groningen Gas Field: An Overview from the Surface to Reservoir Depth

Shallow VS Imaging of the Groningen Area from Joint Inversion of Multimode Surface Waves and H/V Spectral Ratios

Improving waterproof/breathable performance of electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) fibrous membranes by thermo‐pressing

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