p‐Phenylenediamine exposure in real life – a case–control study on sensitization rate, mode and elicitation reactions in the northern Netherlands

Abstract

The prevalence rates in the patch tested and general population of The Netherlands are comparable with the prevalence rates of other mid-European centres. PPD sensitization is often attributed to hair dye. However, this study shows that subjects sensitized by black henna tattoos present with very severe elicitation reactions, emphasizing the need for more strict policing the prohibition.

Occupational dermatitis in hairdressers – influence of individual and environmental factors

“…Of the hairdressers in our cohort, 21.5% were sensitized to components of hair dyes. Vogel et al recently reported that PPD sensitization occurred in 3.3% of the patch tested population, and that the frequency was 4.4-fold increased in hairdressers (15). In agreement with this, we found that 13.4% of hairdressers in our cohort were sensitized to PPD.…”

Factors associated with p‐phenylenediamine sensitization: data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, 2008–2013

“…Similarly to hair dye exposure, being a hairdresser increases the risk of a weak allergic PT reaction to PPD, with less frequent broad sensitization to other p-aminoaryl compounds. This is in line with an IVDK publication based on data from 2007-2012 comparing hairdressers and clients (18), with a Dutch single-centre study (19), and data from St John's Institute, London, where hairdressers also tended to have less stronger reactions to PPD than other professions (20). At first sight, our results showing a far higher risk of PPD sensitization conferred by hair dyeing ([OR 5.99 (95%CI: 3.91-9.37)] than by henna tattoos [OR 2.41 (95%CI: 1.54-3.67)] seems to contradict the results of a population-based European study, namely, the EDEN study, which was recently published (3).…”

“…Similarly to hair dye exposure, being a hairdresser increases the risk of a weak allergic PT reaction to PPD, with less frequent broad sensitization to other p ‐aminoaryl compounds. This is in line with an IVDK publication based on data from 2007–2012 comparing hairdressers and clients , with a Dutch single‐centre study , and data from St John's Institute, London, where hairdressers also tended to have less stronger reactions to PPD than other professions .…”

Time trends of contact allergy to the European baseline series in Lithuania

“…The low frequency of sensitization to rubber chemicals could be explained by the lower number of patients being referred because of occupational dermatitis. The prevalence of contact allergy to p ‐phenylenediamine remains high, at 5.4% (5.8% in 2006–2008 and 4.2% in 2010–2012), and is higher than that in Sweden [2.3% ] and The Netherlands (3.3%) published in 2015 . It is a common habit in Lithuania to dye hair at home.…”