p‐Phosphonated Calix[n]arene Stabilizes Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Nitrate and Phosphate Uptake

Abstract

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Nanomaterial processing strategies in functional hybrid materials for wastewater treatment using algal biomass

“…This study also showed that uncoated magnetite has similar phosphate removal efficiencies to that of PCalix[n] coated magnetite, highlighting that the iron‐magnetite is the primary reason for the phosphate removal. On the other hand, PCalix[n] coatings were found to be mainly effective for the removal of nitrate ions . The phosphate removal efficiency of the iron‐magnetite was also presented by other studies in our research group .…”

“…In a recent study, p ‐phosphonated calix[n]arene (PCalix[n]) coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles were effective in removing up to 62% of nitrate‐nitrogen and 48% of phosphate ions from an aqueous effluent within 24 h . This study also showed that uncoated magnetite has similar phosphate removal efficiencies to that of PCalix[n] coated magnetite, highlighting that the iron‐magnetite is the primary reason for the phosphate removal.…”

“…26 The magnetite study will be investigated further for the wastewater treatment efficiency, especially given our recent follow-up studies on phosphate removal using magnetite. 44,45,58 In a recent study, p-phosphonated calix[n]arene (PCalix[n]) coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles were effective in removing up to 62% of nitrate-nitrogen and 48% of phosphate ions from an aqueous effluent within 24 h. 45 This study also showed that uncoated magnetite has similar phosphate removal efficiencies to that of PCalix[n] coated magnetite, highlighting that the iron-magnetite is the primary reason for the phosphate removal. On the other hand, PCalix[n] coatings were found to be mainly effective for the removal of nitrate ions.…”

“…This processing technology relates to the horizontally fixed, larger rotating tube which has been used for the controlled nucleation and growth (bottom‐up) of nanomaterials . Numerous applications of VFD technology include protein folding and refolding for therapeutic applications; lateral slicing of carbon nanotubes; conversion of free fatty acid feedstock to biodiesel at a rapid rate; extraction of C‐phycocyanin from Spirulina maxima cyanobacteria; accelerating the catalysis of enzymes using pressure waves within thin films introduced by VFD; increasing the efficiency of drug delivery by enhanced loading of the carboplatin – a cancer drug – into a carrier material; fabrication of silica xerogels and mesoporous silica at room temperature; controlling various organic synthesis; hybridization of microorganisms with grapheme, entrapment of cells within graphene oxide or magnetic polymer matrix; exfoliation of laminar nanomaterials; and fabrication of hybrid materials that could be used for wastewater treatment …”

“…The inclination angle (θ) of the VFD was fixed at 45°, which is a previously established optimized angle for the exfoliation of graphite and boron nitride . The magnetite study will be investigated further for the wastewater treatment efficiency, especially given our recent follow‐up studies on phosphate removal using magnetite …”