Plasmodium falciparuminfection during pregnancy impairs fetal head growth: prospective and populational-based retrospective studies

Abstract

BackgroundMalaria in pregnancy is associated with adverse effects on the fetus and newborns. However, the outcome on a newborn’s head circumference (HC) is still unclear. Here, we show the relation of malaria during pregnancy with fetal head growth.MethodsClinical and anthropometric data were collected from babies in two cohort studies of malaria-infected and non-infected pregnant women, in the Brazilian Amazon. One enrolled prospectively (PCS, Jan. 2013 to April 2015) through volunteer sampling, and followed until delivery, 600 malaria-infected and non-infected pregnant women. The other assembled retrospectively (RCS, Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2013) clinical and malaria data from 4697 pregnant women selected through population-based sampling. The effects of malaria during pregnancy in the newborns were assessed using a multivariate logistic regression. According with World Health Organization guidelines babies were classified in small head (HC < 1 SD below the median) and microcephaly (HC < 2 SD below the median) using international HC standards.ResultsAnalysis of 251 (PCS) and 232 (RCS) malaria-infected, and 158 (PCS) and 3650 (RCS) non-infected women with clinical data and anthropometric measures of their babies was performed. Among the newborns, 70 (17.1%) in the PCS and 934 (24.1%) in the RCS presented with a small head (SH). Of these, 15 (3.7%) and 161 (4.2%), respectively, showed microcephaly (MC). The prevalence of newborns with a SH (30.7% in PCS and 36.6% in RCS) and MC (8.1% in PCS and 7.3% in RCS) was higher among babies born from women infected with Plasmodium falciparum during pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that P. falciparum infection during pregnancy represents a significant increased odds for the occurrence of a SH in newborns (PCS: OR 3.15, 95% CI 1.52-6.53, p=0.002; RCS: OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.21-3.04, p=0.006). Similarly, there is an increased odds of MC in babies born from mothers that were P. falciparum-infected (PCS: OR 5.09, 95% CI 1.12-23.17, p=0.035). Moreover, characterization of placental pathology corroborates the association analysis, particularly through the occurrence of more syncytial nuclear aggregates and inflammatory infiltrates in placentas from babies with the reduced head circumference.ConclusionsThis work indicates that falciparum-malaria during pregnancy presents an increased likelihood of occurring reduction of head circumference in newborns, which is associated with placental malaria.Trial Registrationregistered as RBR-3yrqfq in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry

Establishing a conceptual framework of the impact of placental malaria on infant neurodevelopment

“…Infants exposed to PM have alterations in growth patterns including significantly lower body mass index-for-age, weight-forage, and weight-for-length at 3, 6, and 12 months, and lower weight and head circumference at 12 months compared to unexposed infants (Walther et al, 2012). Infants exposed to malaria in pregnancy have increased odds of a small head (head circumference <1 standard deviation below the median) and microcephaly (head circumference <2 standard deviation below the median), relative to controls (Dombrowski et al, 2017). Lower head circumference is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years and major neurological abnormalities and lower IQ scores at 8 years (Scherjon et al, 1998).…”