<i>Principles of Voice Production</i>

Titze, Ingo R.; Martin, Daniel W.

doi:10.1121/1.424266

Cited by 1,028 publications

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“…1b). The 8 formant characteristics of the vowels are the result of unique shapes of the vocal tract (Titze, 1994;Story et al, 1996). In non-human primates, the larynx is normally positioned higher in the pharynx (Keleman, 1948(Keleman, , 1969Laitman et al, 1977) although a laryngeal descence during early ontogeny has been described in chimpanzees (Nishimura et al, 2003).…”

Section: Speech Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vocal production mechanisms in a non-human primate: morphological data and a model

Riede

Bronson²,

Hatzikirou

et al. 2005

Journal of Human Evolution

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Human beings are thought to be unique amongst the primates in their capacity to produce rapid changes in the shape of their vocal tracts during speech production. Acoustically, vocal tracts act as resonance chambers, whose geometry determines the position and bandwidth of the formants. Formants provide the acoustic basis for vowels, which enable speakers to refer to external events and to produce other kinds of meaningful communication. Formantbased referential communication is also present in non-human primates, most prominently in Diana monkey alarm calls. Previous work has suggested that the acoustic structure of these calls is the product of a non-uniform vocal tract capable of some degree of articulation. In this study we test this hypothesis by providing morphological measurements of the vocal tract of three adult Diana monkeys, using both radiography and dissection. We use these data to generate a vocal tract computational model capable of simulating the formant structures produced by wild individuals. The model performed best when it combined a non-uniform vocal tract consisting of three different tubes with a number of articulatory manoeuvres. We discuss the implications of these findings for evolutionary theories of human and nonhuman vocal production.

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Section: Speech Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vocal production mechanisms in a non-human primate: morphological data and a model

Riede

Bronson²,

Hatzikirou

et al. 2005

Journal of Human Evolution

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“…The frequency value of formants is determined in part by the length, the shape, and the volume of the vocal tract. The vocal tract can be altered to a certain degree, into a variety of shapes, by means of the articulators (Titze 1994). Articulation of the mandible, mouth opening, or a change in the relative position of the lips may lead to variation in the length and the shape of the vocal tract, generating a shift in the frequencies of formants in the output signal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vocal Tract Morphology Determines Species-Specific Features in Vocal Signals of Lemurs (Eulemur)

2012

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The source-filter theory describes vocal production as a two-stage process involving the generation of a sound source, with its own spectral structure, which is then filtered by the resonant properties of the vocal tract. This theory has been successfully applied to the study of animal vocal signals since the 1990s. As an extension, models reproducing vocal tract resonance can be used to reproduce formant patterns and to understand the role of vocal tract filtering in nonhuman vocalizations. We studied three congeneric lemur species -Eulemur fulvus, E. macaco, E. rubriventer-using morphological measurements to build computational models of the vocal tract to estimate formants, and acoustic analysis to measure formants from natural calls. We focused on call types emitted through the nose, without apparent articulation. On the basis of anatomical measurements, we modeled the vocal tract of each species as a series of concatenated tubes, with a cross-sectional area that changed along the tract to approximate the morphology of the larynx, the nasopharyngeal cavity, the nasal chambers, and the nostrils. For each species, we calculated the resonance frequencies in 2500 randomly generated vocal tracts, in which we simulated intraspecific length and size variation. Formant location and spacing showed significant species-specific differences determined by the length of the vocal tract. We then measured formants of a set of nasal vocalizations ("grunts") recorded from captive lemurs of the same species. We found species-specific differences in the natural calls. This is the first evidence that morphology of the vocal tract is relevant in generating filter-related acoustic cues that potentially provide receivers with information about the species of the emitter.

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“…Aduktsiooni tugevusega seotud parameeter on sulguskvotsient (CQ), mis näi-tab ajalist proportsiooni terves võnketsüklis, mil häälepilu on suletud (Titze 1994). Analoogne parameeter on kvaasikontaktkvotsient QxEGG, mis näitab häälepaelte omavahel kontaktis oleku aja proportsiooni ja mida saab mõõta larüngograafi abil (Herbst & Ternström 2006).…”

Section: Sissejuhatusunclassified

Hääle spektri mähiskõvera kuju stabiilsus varieeruva dünaamikaga heliredelite laulmisel

Vurma

2017

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Teesid: Käesoleva töö eesmärk oli uurida, kas ja kuidas muutuvad klassikaliselt treenitud lauljate hääle tämbriga seotud akustilised parameetrid, kui laulda hääle dünaamikat ja helikõrgust muutes. Uurimust motiveeris läbi viima vokaalpedagoogilises kirjanduses sageli väljendatud seisukoht, et klassikalise laulutreeningu üks eesmärk on hääle kõlalise ühtluse saavutamine. Palusime kümnel meeslauljal (kelle hulgas olid ooperi-ja oratooriumisolistid ning laulueriala üliõpilased) laulda ühe oktavi ulatusega tõusvaid D-duuri gammasid (vahemikus d -d 1 ) kolmel moel: (1) kõige harjumuspärasema dünaamikaga, (2) häälevaljust kasvatades ja (3) häälevaljust kahandades. Salvestasime esitused väikese reverberatsiooniga helistuudios. Tarkvara Sopran 1.0.10 abil arvutasime iga lauldud noodi keskmise võimsusspektri, kus määrasime põhitooni ja lauljaformandi spektripiirkondade tugevused spektri kõige tugevama tipu taseme suhtes. Mõõtsime iga lauldud noodi puhul ka helirõhu taseme ja glotaalse aduktsiooni tugevust iseloomustavate sulguskvotsiendi ja kvaasikontaktkvotsiendi väärtused. Uuringutulemused näitasid, et vastavad parameetrid muutusid ülesannete täitmisel süstemaatiliselt kõigi lauljate puhul. Osa kirjeldatud muutustest tingisid puht-akustilised faktorid, mida vokalist ei saa vokaaltehnikaga mõjutada. Mõni laulja kasutas vokaaltehnilisi võtteid, mille eesmärgiks võis olla häälekõla tajutava ühtluse parandamine. Üks taolisi võtteid oli piano ja forte vahelise erinevuse tekitamine eelkõige hääle tämbri, mitte aga niivõrd otsese helirõhu taseme abil. Vastupidiseks strateegiaks oli just helirõhu taseme muutmine, samal ajal hääletämbri kanduvuse ja ereduse aspektiga seotud lauljaformandi suhtelise tugevuse varieerumist väiksena hoides. Hääle tajutav ühtlus võib olla seotud veel hääle mõningate omadustega, mida käesolevas töös lähemalt ei käsitletud. Hääleparameetrite väärtuste varieerumise viis sõltuvalt helikõrgusest ja dünaamikast võib oleneda ka häälikust, mida laulmisel kasutatakse ning helikõrguse piirkonnast.

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Principles of Voice Production

Cited by 1,028 publications

References 0 publications

Vocal production mechanisms in a non-human primate: morphological data and a model

Vocal production mechanisms in a non-human primate: morphological data and a model

Vocal Tract Morphology Determines Species-Specific Features in Vocal Signals of Lemurs (Eulemur)

Hääle spektri mähiskõvera kuju stabiilsus varieeruva dünaamikaga heliredelite laulmisel

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