Pseudomonas aeruginosa Elastase Disables Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 in Respiratory Epithelial Cells

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Serine proteinases like thrombin can signal to cells by the cleavage/activation of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs).Although thrombin is a recognized physiological activator of PAR 1 and PAR 4 , the endogenous enzymes responsible for activating PAR 2 in settings other than the gastrointestinal system, where trypsin can activate PAR 2 , are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the human tissue kallikrein (hK) family of proteinases regulates PAR signaling by using the following: 1) a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectral analysis of the cleavage products yielded upon incubation of hK5, -6, and -14 with synthetic PAR N-terminal peptide sequences representing the cleavage/activation motifs of PAR 1 , PAR 2 , and PAR 4 ; 2) PAR-dependent calcium signaling responses in cells expressing PAR 1 , PAR 2 , and PAR 4 and in human platelets; 3) a vascular ring vasorelaxation assay; and 4) a PAR 4 -dependent rat and human platelet aggregation assay. We found that hK5, -6, and -14 all yielded PAR peptide cleavage sequences consistent with either receptor activation or inactivation/disarming. Furthermore, hK14 was able to activate PAR 1 , PAR 2 , and PAR 4 and to disarm/inhibit PAR 1 . Although hK5 and -6 were also able to activate PAR 2 , they failed to cause PAR 4 -dependent aggregation of rat and human platelets, although hK14 did. Furthermore, the relative potencies and maximum effects of hK14 and -6 to activate PAR 2 -mediated calcium signaling differed. Our data indicate that in physiological settings, hKs may represent important endogenous regulators of the PARs and that different hKs can have differential actions on PAR 1 , PAR 2 , and PAR 4 . Proteinase-activated receptors (PAR 1-4 )3 compose a unique family of four G-protein-coupled cell surface receptors for certain proteinases (1-9). Proteolytic cleavage within the extracellular N terminus reveals a tethered ligand that binds to the extracellular receptor domains to initiate cell signaling (5, 6, 9, 10). Proteinases that activate PARs include coagulation factors, enzymes from inflammatory cells, and proteinases from epithelial cells and neurons. These enzymes, generated and released during injury and inflammation, can cleave and activate PARs on many cell types from a variety of species (humans, rats, and mice) to regulate the critically important processes of hemostasis, inflammation, pain, and tissue repair. Other proteinases that cleave PARs downstream of the N-terminal tethered ligand sequence disable the receptors for further proteolytic activation, thus abrogating PAR signaling. It is of considerable interest to identify the proteinases that activate and/or disable PARs, in view of the emerging role that these receptors can play in diseases such as asthma, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer (5-7).In some systems, the proteinases that activate PARs have been established. For example, in the circulatory system, PAR 1 , PAR 3 , and PAR 4 are recognized physiological targets for thrombin (4), which does not efficiently acti...

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Measurements Of Par-regulated Calcium Signaling Receptor Dementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proteinase-activated Receptors, Targets for Kallikrein Signaling

Οικονομοπούλου

Hansen

Saifeddine

et al. 2006

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228

206

“…Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and sarcoma virus-transformed rat kidney epithelial (KNRK) cells were maintained in DMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin and streptomycin. Generation and maintenance of HEK293 and KNRK cells stably expressing human PAR 2 constructs have been described (12,15,39,40).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neutrophil Elastase Activates Protease-activated Receptor-2 (PAR2) and Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) to Cause Inflammation and Pain

Zhao¹,

Lieu²,

Barlow³

et al. 2015

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133

Background: Proteases cleave protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR 2 ), which activates transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels to cause inflammation and pain. Results: Neutrophil elastase cleaves PAR 2 , resulting in G␣ s -mediated cAMP formation, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) activation, and sensitization of nociceptive neurons, inflammation, and pain. Conclusion: Elastase causes PAR 2 -and TRPV4-mediated inflammation and pain. Significance: PARs and TRP channels mediate responses to diverse proteases.

“…Consequently, several microbes evade PAR 2 -mediated immune surveillance by directly disabling the receptor. For example, proteases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21) or Treponema denticola (15) have been reported to inactivate PAR 2 and thereby alter its function.…”

Section: Ap-inducible Nf-b Reporter Activation That Was Protein Synthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Proteinase-activated Receptor 2 and TLR4 Signal Transduction

Rallabhandi

Nhu

Toshchakov

et al. 2008

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149

Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR 2 ), a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, is activated at inflammatory sites by proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular N terminus by trypsin-like enzymes, exposing a tethered, receptor-activating ligand. Synthetic agonist peptides (AP) that share the tethered ligand sequence also activate PAR 2 , often measured by Ca 2؉ release. PAR 2 contributes to inflammation through activation of NF-B-regulated genes; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Overexpression of human PAR 2 in HEK293T cells resulted in concentration-dependent, PAR 2 AP-inducible NF-B reporter activation that was protein synthesis-independent, yet blocked by inhibitors that uncouple G i proteins or sequester intracellular Ca 2؉ . Because previous studies described synergistic PAR 2 -and TLR4-mediated cytokine production, we hypothesized that PAR 2 and TLR4 might interact at the level of signaling. In the absence of TLR4, PAR 2 -induced NF-B activity was inhibited by dominant negative (DN)-TRIF or DN-TRAM constructs, but not by DN-MyD88, findings confirmed using cell-permeable, adapter-specific BB loop blocking peptides. Co-expression of TLR4/MD-2/CD14 with PAR 2 in HEK293T cells led to a synergistic increase in AP-induced NF-B signaling that was MyD88-dependent and required a functional TLR4, despite the fact that AP exhibited no TLR4 agonist activity. Co-immunoprecipitation of PAR 2 and TLR4 revealed a physical association that was AP-dependent. The response to AP or lipopolysaccharide was significantly diminished in TLR4 ؊/؊ and PAR 2 ؊/؊ macrophages, respectively, and SW620 colonic epithelial cells exhibited synergistic responses to co-stimulation with AP and lipopolysaccharide. Our data suggest a unique interaction between two distinct innate immune response receptors and support a novel paradigm of receptor cooperativity in inflammatory responses.