(R)‐(+)‐limonene, kairomone for Dastarcus helophoroides, a natural enemy of longhorned beetles

Abstract

1 Chemical cues involved in host location by Dastarcus helophoroides (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae), a parasitoid of Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, Monochamus alternatus Hope, Massicus raddei (Blessig), Apriona germari (Hope), Apriona swainsoni (Hope) and Batocera horsfielde (Hope) in the family Cerambycidae, were investigated in a Y-tube olfactometer. Responses of D. helophoroides adults toward odour sources from their host ( M. raddei ) and host tree ( Quercus mongolicus Fisch. ex. Turcz.) were tested in either no-choice or two-way choice tests. Wood with larval tunnels and larvae frass were attractive to D. helophoroides . Both sexes showed attraction to wood with larval tunnels. 2 Volatile chemicals emitted from wood with larval tunnels and larval frass were collected on Porapak Q and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Several compounds identified from these sources, including ␣ -pinene, ␤ -pinene, ⌬ -3-carene, limonene and ␤ -myrcene, were tested against D. helophoroides in the same Y-tube olfactometer. 3 The result showed that D. helophoroides adults were attracted to ( R )-( + )-limonene, with or without the background odour from uninfested fresh wood. This may suggest that ( R )-( + )-limonene is an important kairomone for this parasitic beetle. 4 Dose-dependent response of D. helophoroides adults to ( R )-( + )-limonene indicated that D. helophoroides adults showed significant attraction to ( R )-( + )-limonene when release rates exceeded 2.08 g/h in Y-tube olfactometer tests. Moreover, significantly more A. glabripennis larvae were parasitized by D. helophoroides in the presence of R -( + )-limonene, relative to the control in cage experiments.

Identification of limonene as a potential kairomone of the harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

“…This chemical cue is also attractive to other biocontrol agents such as Medetera setiventris Thuneberg (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) (Hulcr et al, 2006), a predator of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae), a parasitoid of Massicus raddei Blessig (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (Wei et al, 2008). Similarly, H. axyridis…”

Parasitism and olfactory responses of Dastarcus helophoroides (Coleoptera: Bothrideridae) to different Cerambycid hosts

“…Furthermore, adults of D. helophoroides preferred the odor of M. raddei larval frass over that of wood with larval tunnels in a dual choice test (Wei et al 2008). Therefore, we did not use Tan et al's method (2007) to distinguish sex, and both sexes were used in bioassay experiments.…”

“…Variation in responses to the herbivore-plant complex may lead to different foraging decisions among different populations, thereby affecting their olfactory responses. Based on tritrophic studies among D. helophoroides, M. raddei and Q. mongolicus, host frass is significantly more attractive to the parasitoid than host larvae, wood with larval tunnels, or bark with larval tunnels, from the complex of the host and host tree (Wei et al 2008). Therefore, bioassays were conducted to investigate the behavioral response of adults of different D. helophoroides populations toward frass odors from different longhorned beetle species feeding on different trees in order to determine if they have similar olfactory responses to different host species.…”

Microbial Root Mutualists Affect the Predators and Pathogens of Herbivores above Ground: Mechanisms, Magnitudes, and Missing Links

“…For example, in sweet wormwood Artemisia annua, association with AMF increases emissions of the monoterpene limonene and artemisia ketone (Rapparini et al, 2008), which attract both herbivores and their natural enemies (Wei et al, 2008;Rodríguez et al, 2011). Similarly, the root fungal endophyte Acremonium strictum changes the terpene composition in volatiles of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum (Jallow et al, 2008).…”