Reusable XML technologies and the development of language learning materials

Abstract

There are many CALL resources available today but often they need to be adapted for level or culture. CALL practitioners would like to reuse currently existing material rather than reinvent the wheel, but often this is not possible. Thus, they end up building CALL material, both language content and software, from scratch. This is inefficient in terms of CALL practitioners’ time and as Felix (1999) points out, there is no point ‘doing badly’ what has already been done well. Why can’t we reuse what already exists? Often the language content is hard-wired in the software and cannot be modified or the CALL material comes as an executable which is hard or impossible to change. Authoring tools can provide a degree of flexibility, but often focus on particular parts of the language learning process (e.g. interactive exercises) and the associated language content cannot, in general, easily be exported into other formats and presentation software. One solution to this problem is provided by XML technologies. They provide a strict separation between data and processing. Thus, three types of reuse are possible: reuse of the data processing engine (i.e. the XSL processing files), reuse of the language content structure (i.e. the XML data files) and reuse the linguistic resources (i.e. the language content). In this paper, an example is given of a CALL template that has been developed using XML technologies. The template provides a structure into which the language content can be slotted and a processing engine to act upon the data to create CALL material. The template was developed for the production of CALL materials for Endangered Languages (ELs), but could be used for MCTLs (Most Commonly Taught Languages) and LCTLs (Less Commonly Taught Languages) also. It has been used to develop a language learning course for Nawat (a language of El Salvador), Akan (a Ghanaian language) and Irish, demonstrating the reusability of the language content structure as well as proving the reusability of the processing engine provided by the template. A further reusable feature is the ability to create courseware in different media (Internet, CD and print) from the same source language content.

A review of technology choice for teaching language skills and areas in the CALL literature

“…With the wide spread of self-developed courseware developed across a range of language skills and areas, one cannot help but wonder how much more efficient we might be if we started to pool our efforts together. Evidence has been seen of this with regard to content (e.g., Cushion, 2004;Ward, 2002), and the possibilities are certainly there for sharing applications as well. This is seen to a degree in the open source Course Management System Moodle, but there is very little evidence of such collaboration occurring in more specialised dedicated courseware for specific language learning objectives.…”

Vocabulary on the move: Investigating an intelligent mobile phone-based vocabulary tutor

“…Cushion, 2004;Ward, 2002). This meant that extra vocabulary items could be added quickly and easily without interrupting the operation of the system, and for minor upgrades and bugfixes to be made with no effect on the data component.…”

Developing annotation solutions for online Data Driven Learning

“…Cushion (2004) sees in XML a powerful technology to exchange language data and language structure and thus prolong the extension of data life. Ward (2002) believes that this technology facilitates the re-usability of resources and is a time-saving option for CALL projects where developers have to adhere to highly Fig. 1.…”

“…To do so, we have adopted an open and extensible standard for the definition of XML documents: the Text Encoding Initiative (Burnard, 1995). 8 This encoding standard provides our tool with extensibility, interoperability and standardization, three characteristics which we consider of the utmost importance for the re-usability of our annotated corpora (Ward, 2002;Cushion, 2004). Among other features, the application allows users to define and work with an open taxonomy set of data.…”

“…Cushion (2004) sees in XML a powerful technology to exchange language data and language structure and thus prolong the extension of data life. Ward (2002) believes that this technology facilitates the re-usability of resources and is a time-saving option for CALL projects where developers have to adhere to highly structured and repetitive templates. Mishan and Strunz (2003) have laid emphasis on the possibilities of XML to customize language learning and, very significantly, to provide developers with the opportunity to design and implement applications that are driven by pedagogy rather than by technology.…”