<i>Salmonella arizonae</i>in the United Kingdom from 1966 to 1990

Hall, Melanie; Rowe, B.

doi:10.1017/s0950268800049505

Cited by 48 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, the possibility exists that S. bongori originally possessed the island but eliminated it earlier in its evolution due to its restricted niche in cold-blooded animals. Arizona, on the other hand, although considered a pathogen of reptiles, can cause severe disease in humans (24,57). The island in Arizona may therefore have evolved to maximize its contribution to Arizona's host range.…”

Section: Vol 185 2003 Microarray Comparison Of Salmonella Serovars 557mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Comparison of Salmonella enterica Serovars and Salmonella bongori by Use of an S. enterica Serovar Typhimurium DNA Microarray

et al. 2003

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The genus Salmonella consists of over 2,200 serovars that differ in their host range and ability to cause disease despite their close genetic relatedness. The genetic factors that influence each serovar's level of host adaptation, how they evolved or were acquired, their influence on the evolution of each serovar, and the phylogenic relationships between the serovars are of great interest as they provide insight into the mechanisms behind these differences in host range and disease progression. We have used an Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium spotted DNA microarray to perform genomic hybridizations of various serovars and strains of both S. enterica (subspecies I and IIIa) and Salmonella bongori to gain insight into the genetic organization of the serovars. Our results are generally consistent with previously published DNA association and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis data. Our findings also reveal novel information. We observe a more distant relationship of serovar Arizona (subspecies IIIa) from the subspecies I serovars than previously measured. We also observe variability in the Arizona SPI-2 pathogenicity island, indicating that it has evolved in a manner distinct from the other serovars. In addition, we identify shared genetic features of S. enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi A, and Sendai that parallel their unique ability to cause enteric fever in humans. Therefore, whereas the taxonomic organization of Salmonella into serogroups provides a good first approximation of genetic relatedness, we show that it does not account for genomic changes that contribute to a serovar's degree of host adaptation.

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Section: Vol 185 2003 Microarray Comparison Of Salmonella Serovars 557mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic Comparison of Salmonella enterica Serovars and Salmonella bongori by Use of an S. enterica Serovar Typhimurium DNA Microarray

et al. 2003

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“…bongori or S. enterica subspecies II to VII are able to infect humans, colonize the intestine and cause disease (1). Human infections with serotypes of S. bongori and S. enterica subspecies II to VII are rare and are usually the result of contact with reptiles (21,29,42,60). The symptoms of intestinal and extraintestinal infections caused by reptile-associated Salmonella serotypes in humans are, however, indistinguishable from those produced by nontyphoidal serotypes of S. enterica subspecies I (1).…”

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confidence: 99%

TheshdAGene Is Restricted to Serotypes ofSalmonella entericaSubspecies I and Contributes to Efficient and Prolonged Fecal Shedding

et al. 2000

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Little is known about factors which enable Salmonella serotypes to circulate within populations of livestock and domestic fowl. We have identified a DNA region which is present in Salmonella serotypes commonly isolated from livestock and domestic fowl (S. enterica subspecies I) but absent from reptile-associated Salmonella serotypes (S. bongori and S. enterica subspecies II to VII). This DNA region was cloned from Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and sequence analysis revealed the presence of a 6,105-bp open reading frame, designated shdA, whose product's deduced amino acid sequence displayed homology to that of AIDA-I from diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, MisL of serotype Typhimurium, and IcsA of Shigella flexneri. The shdA gene was located adjacent to xseA at 52 min, in a 30-kb DNA region which is not present in Escherichia coli K-12. A serotype Typhimurium shdA mutant was shed with the feces in reduced numbers and for a shorter period of time compared to its isogenic parent. A possible role for the shdA gene during the expansion in host range of S. enterica subspecies I to include warm-blooded vertebrates is discussed.Salmonella serotypes are a frequent constituent of the intestinal flora of poikilothermic animals. The percentage of apparently healthy, cold-blooded vertebrates which harbor Salmonella serotypes ranges from 74 to 94% (20,28,32,34,59), and these bacteria could thus be considered part of the normal intestinal flora (23,48). Salmonella serotypes are also commonly isolated from a fraction (usually Ͻ20%) of warmblooded animal hosts (15,31,49,54). Although chronic carriers, which appear healthy, are observed within the human population and among warm-blooded animals (22,27,35,40), Salmonella serotypes are commonly associated with illness in these hosts (55). Consequently Salmonella serotypes are regarded as pathogens rather than part of the normal intestinal flora of homeothermic animals.On the basis of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and comparative sequence analysis of orthologous genes, two species, S. enterica and S. bongori, have been assigned to the genus Salmonella (18,46). S. enterica is further subdivided into seven subspecies designated with roman numerals (18, 44). While S. bongori and S. enterica subspecies II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, VI, and VII are mainly associated with cold-blooded vertebrates, members of S. enterica subspecies I are frequently isolated from avian and mammalian hosts (44). For instance, of the 90,201 Salmonella isolates collected between 1977 and 1992 by the German National Reference Center for Enteric Pathogens from humans and warm-blooded animals, 89,798 isolates (99.55%) belonged to S. enterica subspecies I (1). Currently it is not clear which virulence mechanisms are responsible for the apparent adaptation of S. enterica subspecies I to circulation within populations of warm-blooded animals.S. bongori or S. enterica subspecies II to VII are able to infect humans, colonize the intestine and cause disease (1). Human infections with serotypes of S. bongori and S. enterica su...

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“…This organism has also been responsible for severe outbreaks in turkeys and sheep (6). Though the organism is rare, several studies suggest that snakes and reptiles harbor it and transmit it to humans, resulting in gastroenteritis and systemic infections (12,23). Such cases often occur in immunocompromised adults and young children (23).…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…arizonae was first described by Caldwell and Ryerson in 1939 (5) and was named Salmonella dar-essalaam (after the African city where it was first isolated). It was subsequently placed in genus Arizona, with a single species, A. hinshawii, within the tribe Salmonella based on biochemical properties (12). The placement and nomenclature of this species have constantly remained a matter of scientific debate.…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal Case of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae Gastroenteritis in an Infant with Microcephaly

et al. 2003

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Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae is a common gut inhabitant of reptiles, with snakes as the most common reservoir. Though human cases due to this organism are exceedingly rare, it may infect young infants and immunocompromised individuals with a history of intimate associations with reptiles. Gastroenteritis is the most common presentation; others include peritonitis, pleuritis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and bacteremia. We report a fatal case of S. enterica subsp. arizonae gastroenteritis in a 3-month-old child with microcephaly, with a review of earlier cases and problems encountered in identification of this rare human pathogen. CASE REPORTA 3-month-old female child presented to the Emergency Unit at Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India, with a history of fever and cough for 20 days and diarrhea with mucus and blood for 15 days. There was no history of similar illness in other family members or in the community. On admission, the child, who had microcephaly, appeared highly irritable and had tachypnea and bilateral crepitations. The spleen and liver were just palpable, and there was a rash all over the body. The patient was diagnosed as having pneumonia with persistent diarrhea. A fecal sample was sent for routine culture and microscopic examination, and the patient was empirically started on broad-spectrum antibiotics (ampicillin, cefotaxime, and amikacin). Investigations revealed a hemoglobin level of 11.0 g%, a total leucocyte count of 11,500/ml, and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 100. A urine culture was sterile, and cerebrospinal fluid biochemistry and cytology showed no abnormality. The chest X ray showed infiltration in both lungs, while the skull X ray was normal.The routine microscopic examination of feces did not reveal the presence of any protozoan or helminth. While fecal cultures grew a non-lactose-fermenting motile organism, the routine biochemical tests (indole, triple-sugar iron agar, citrate, urea, mannitol, and motility) for this isolate were obfuscating.

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Salmonella arizonaein the United Kingdom from 1966 to 1990

Abstract: Salmonella arizonae are rarely isolated in the UK. Since 1966 there have been sixty-six isolates from humans of whom 35% gave a recent history of foreign travel. Terrapins and snakes are potential sources of infection.

Cited by 48 publications

References 12 publications

Genomic Comparison of Salmonella enterica Serovars and Salmonella bongori by Use of an S. enterica Serovar Typhimurium DNA Microarray

Genomic Comparison of Salmonella enterica Serovars and Salmonella bongori by Use of an S. enterica Serovar Typhimurium DNA Microarray

TheshdAGene Is Restricted to Serotypes ofSalmonella entericaSubspecies I and Contributes to Efficient and Prolonged Fecal Shedding

Fatal Case of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae Gastroenteritis in an Infant with Microcephaly

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