<i>Salmonella</i>Control Programs in Denmark

Wegener, Henrik Caspar; Hald, Tine; Wong, Danilo Lo Fo; Madsen, Mogens; Korsgaard, Helle; Bager, Flemming; Gerner‐Smidt, Peter; Mølbak, Kåre

doi:10.3201/eid0907.030024

Cited by 305 publications

(200 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Similar improvements have also occurred in some other countries (Wegener et al ., 2003;Marcus et al ., 2004;Mumma et al ., 2004) but there is still a significant reservoir of infection in commercial laying flocks (Adak & Gillespie, 2004;Crespo et al ., 2005). On commercial laying farms, persistent environmental contamination is currently considered to be the predominant problem (van de Giessen et al ., 1994;Davies & Breslin, 2003b;Gradel et al ., 2004).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

A longitudinal study of environmental salmonella contamination in caged and free-range layer flocks

et al. 2007

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The environmental contamination by salmonella was examined over a 12-month period in 74 commercial layer flocks from eight farms in the UK, which previously had been identified as being contaminated with salmonella. Samples of faeces, dust, litter, egg belt spillage and wildlife vectors were taken, plus swabs of cages, feeders, drinkers, floors, egg belts and boots. Some sampling was performed in each month of the year. Numerous serovars were detected but Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis was the only persistent serotype found among single-age flocks. There was a significant correlation between qualitative environmental samples and semi-quantitative faeces samples. The level of environmental contamination increased significantly over time. There were significant temperature and seasonal effects upon contamination. Wildlife vectors proved to be sensitive samples for the detection of salmonella. The efficacy of cleaning and disinfection upon residual salmonella contamination, and upon subsequent flock contamination, was highly variable between and within premises. The variability between detected prevalences over time and between flocks indicates a need for regular, sensitive monitoring of flocks for salmonella to permit targeting of control measures aimed at eliminating contamination of the layer environment by salmonella. There is substantial scope for improvement of cleaning and disinfection procedures.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

A longitudinal study of environmental salmonella contamination in caged and free-range layer flocks

et al. 2007

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“…Salmonella is one of the most important causes of foodborne illness in humans, with eggs, poultry meat and pork as the major sources [3,6,34]. In Denmark [17], Germany [23] and Ireland [25], national control programmes, based on serological testing, are implemented in the pork production chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrepancies between the isolation of Salmonella from mesenteric lymph nodes and the results of serological screening in slaughter pigs

et al. 2005

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-Most Salmonella control programmes are based on serological testing in the slaughterhouse. However, from a point of view of carcass contamination, it is rather the presence of Salmonella spp. in the animal at the time of slaughter that is important. The aim of this crosssectional study was to investigate the possible discrepancies between the isolation of Salmonella spp. in the mesenteric lymph nodes and the results of serological screening. In total, 1821 fattening pigs originating from 60 Belgian farrow-to-finish herds were sampled in the slaughterhouse. The serum samples were analysed using an indirect mix-ELISA for the presence of Salmonella antibodies and evaluated at 3 cut-off values namely 10, 20, and 40% Optical Density (OD). All mesenteric lymph node samples were submitted to qualitative Salmonella isolation and a representative number of isolates was serotyped. From each herd, 30 animals were screened both serologically and bacteriologically and the herd was considered as positive when at least one sample was positive. At the herd level, 83.6% (cut-off OD 40%) to 100.0% (cut-off OD 10%) of the herds from which Salmonella had been isolated were evaluated as seropositive. At the individual level, only 34.5% (cut-off OD 40%) to 82.8% (cut-off OD 10%) of the animals from which Salmonella had been isolated were seropositive. Overall, a weak agreement was found between bacteriology and serology for Salmonella diagnosis. If pig herds are categorised using serological tests in the slaughterhouse, one should be aware of the fact that slaughter pigs can still harbour Salmonella spp. in the mesenteric lymph nodes, without being detected in serological tests. The cut-off value used to evaluate a sample as serologically positive and the number of samples per herd are of major importance to classify herds correctly in order to protect human health.slaughter pig / Salmonella / bacteriology / serology * Corresponding author: nathalie.nollet@UGent.be Article published by EDP Sciences and available at

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“…This increases the sensitivity of detection of those serotypes whose surface antigens are included in the ELISA-based test, normally S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, compared with bacteriology alone, and a combination testing programme has been successfully used in Denmark for many years (Wegener et al, 2003). Such testing cannot readily be used in vaccinated flocks but is a useful additional voluntary measure in non-vaccinated flocks.…”

Section: Sampling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of table eggs due to deterioration and development of pathogens

2014

EFSA Journal

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Salmonella Enteritidis is considered the only pathogen currently posing a major risk of egg-borne diseases in the European Union (EU). The possible impact of extending the shelf-life of eggs on the risk to consumers posed by S. Enteritidis was estimated by applying a quantitative model and comparing the actual situation regarding the storage of eggs in the EU with different possible scenarios combined, considering the prolongation of the bestbefore and the sell-by date from 7 to a maximum of 70 days. Extending the sell-by date by one week (from 21 to 28 days), but leaving the best-before date unchanged, is estimated to result in a relative risk of illness of 1.4 and 1.5 for uncooked and lightly cooked egg meals respectively, compared to the current situation. If the best-before date is also extended by one week (from 28 to 35 days), the relative risk would be 1.6 and 1.7. In the worst case scenario considered (sell-by date of 42 days, best before date of 70 days), such figures would be 2.9 and 3.5. It should be noted that the absolute risk is greater for uncooked meals compared to lightly cooked meals. An effective way to minimise any increase in risk during extended storage is to keep the eggs refrigerated both at retail and the household. Regarding egg spoilage, such events strongly depend on the hygienic conditions of egg production and practices of egg handling, including storage times and temperatures. Finally, the impact of the prolongation of storage time on the quality criteria for eggs (3-hydroxybutyric acid and lactic acid) destined for manufacturing of egg products is considered negligible. Specifically, EFSA was asked to assess: (i) the public health risk posed by relevant pathogens and in particular by Salmonella in the consumption and handling of table eggs (Term of Reference, or ToR1), (ii) the public health risk deriving from deterioration (ToR2) and (iii) possible consequences for public health of an extended shelf-life of table eggs for the specific freshness criteria for egg products as laid out in the hygiene package (ToR3). © European Food Safety Authority, 2014 KEY WORDSIn order to answer the first ToR, the BIOHAZ Panel based its conclusions on the results of a quantitative model, aimed at describing the behaviour of Salmonella Enteritidis following vertical transmission, since this serovar is recognised to be the major pathogen related to egg-borne disease because of its ability to contaminate the interior of intact eggs during their formation within the body of an infected hen. The possible impact of extending the shelf-life of eggs on other serovars of Salmonella, as well as on other pathogens, is evaluated in a qualitative manner, with no individual serovar other than S. Enteritidis currently posing a major risk of egg-borne salmonellosis in the European Union (EU), although S. Typhimurium has been associated with relatively small outbreaks due to duck eggs. Trans-shell contamination (i.e. secondary contamination) is also discussed, but the impact of a prolongation of the shelf ...

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SalmonellaControl Programs in Denmark

Cited by 305 publications

References 17 publications

A longitudinal study of environmental salmonella contamination in caged and free-range layer flocks

A longitudinal study of environmental salmonella contamination in caged and free-range layer flocks

Discrepancies between the isolation of Salmonella from mesenteric lymph nodes and the results of serological screening in slaughter pigs

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of table eggs due to deterioration and development of pathogens

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