Salmonellaenterica Serotype Enteritidis Phage Type 4b Outbreak Associated with Bean Sprouts

Abstract

In November 2000 in the Netherlands, an outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis phage type 4b was investigated. Eating bean sprouts was the only exposure associated with S. Enteritidis pt 4b infection (matched odds ratio 13.0, 95% confidence interval 2.0-552.5). Contaminated seeds were the most likely cause of contamination of the sprouts. The sprout grower applied a concentration of hypochlorite solution that was too low for seed disinfection.

Aquariums as Reservoirs for Multidrug-resistantSalmonellaParatyphi B

“…The aadA2 gene cassette was linked to SO26 in the SGI1 backbone, which indicates that it is on the left, as in In104, and the expected 1.8-kb PCR fragment was generated by using primers in groEL and blaP1 (Figure 1), which places the blaP1 cassette on the right. Southern hybridization of Xba I–digested whole-cell DNA with a probe for the floR gene as described previously ( 7 ) identified a band of ≈12 kb, which is consistent with an SGI1 structure identical to that reported previously ( 7 , 8 , 11 ) and the groEL - blaP1 amplicon linked this 12-kb Xba I fragment with the adjacent 4.3-kb Xba I fragment (Figure 1). …”

“…To determine if the resistance phenotype of these strains was due to SGI1 ( 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 11 ), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primer pairs shown in Figure 1 was used as previously described ( 7 ). The left and right junctions of SGI1 with the chromosome and of In104 with SGI1 were present in all cases.…”

“…However, the first reported SGI1-containing S . Paratyphi B dT+ isolate with drug-resistance phenotype ApCmSmSpSuTc was isolated in 1997 from a tropical fish in Singapore ( 11 ), raising the possibility that tropical fish and aquariums are a reservoir. The aim of this study was to determine if domestic aquariums are reservoirs for SGI1-containing, multidrug-resistant S .…”

Emergence of Salmonella epidemics: The problems related to Salmonella enterica serotyp Enteritidis and multiple antibiotic resistance in other major serotypes

“…Horizontal transfer of SGI1 has been supported by its discovery in other S. enterica serotypes, namely S. Agona, S. Paratyphi B, S. Albany, and S. Newport [22,43,44,97]. In these serotypes, SGI1 has the same chromosomal location as in S. Typhimurium DT104, i.e.…”

Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Bacteriophage SPN1S

“…More than 1.4 million cases of foodborne Salmonella infection have been reported every year in the United States, and the number of cases has increased by 10% in recent years (4,9,13). Moreover, the emergence of multidrugresistant Salmonella strains, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104, has been getting more problematic (7,14). To control these drug-resistant Salmonella strains, applications of Salmonella-specific bacteriophages have been proposed (8,15).…”