Schinus terebinthifoliusEssential Oil Attenuates Scopolamine-Induced Memory Deficits via Cholinergic Modulation and Antioxidant Properties in a Zebrafish Model

Abstract

Schinus terebinthifolius is a plant well recognized for its therapeutic profile such as anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities, promoting antibacterial activity and antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. This study aimed at examining whether Schinus terebinthifolius memory-enhancing activities are mediated by cholinergic and brain antioxidant systems in a scopolamine zebrafish model. Schinus terebinthifolius essential oil (10, 25, and 50 μL/L) was delivered to zebrafish by immersion in water for 8 days. Memory deficits were induced by scopolamine (100 μM) administration. Zebrafish were divided into seven groups (n = 15/group): vehicle group, scopolamine (100 μM) group, Schinus terebinthifolius essential oil groups (STF; 10, 25, and 50 μL/L), the imipramine group (IMP; 20 mg/L, as the positive control in the NTT test), and the donepezil group (DP; 10 mg/L, as the positive control in the Y-maze test). Memory status was estimated by the novel tank diving test (NTT) and the Y-maze test and finally was validated by comparison with imipramine (20 mg/L) and donepezil (10 mg/L). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect oil compounds. Brain levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant enzymes were measured. After being exposed to Schinus terebinthifolius essential oil, the scopolamine zebrafish exhibited an improvement of memory processes in the NTT and Y-maze tests. The essential oil attenuated the elevated level of AChE and brain oxidative stress. Schinus terebinthifolius essential oil was found to support memory formation through the inhibition of the AChE activity and decreasing oxidative stress in the scopolamine-treated zebrafish brains.

Nootropic, Neuroprotective and Anti-oxidant Role of Apocynin in Scopolamine Induced Memory Deficit in a Zebrafish Model

“…SCP administration generates free radicals and damages the anti-oxidant defence mechanism by damaging the anti-oxidant enzymes [36]. This fact is well established in rodent models [37] as well as in zebrafish [38]. Our study demonstrates that even single dose of scopolamine significantly induces the generation of free radicals.…”

Anxiolytic, Promnesic, Anti-Acetylcholinesterase and Antioxidant Effects of Cotinine and 6-Hydroxy-L-Nicotine in Scopolamine-Induced Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

“…In a previous study, Zanandrea et al [ 46 ] showed that SCOP administration (100 µM for 1 h) to zebrafish did not alter the specific activity of AChE compared to control fish. In contrast, several other reports have demonstrated that SCOP (100 µM for 30 min) increased the activity of this enzyme in the zebrafish brains [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 92 , 93 ]. Ziani et al [ 41 ] showed that NIC (1 mg/L for 3 min) increases the AChE activity when it is co-administered with a compound that provokes a fear response in zebrafish but not when NIC is administered alone.…”

“…The biochemical results obtained in this study indicated that COT and 6HLN exhibit an antioxidant profile in the SCOP-induced zebrafish model of AD. Several reports showed that SCOP treatment induces oxidative stress in the brain of zebrafish [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 92 , 93 ] or rodents [ 64 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ]. In a cell line derived from Danio rerio gill tissue, NIC treatment (3–7 mg/L for 12 h) has been shown to induce intracellular ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner [ 100 ].…”

Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, Anti-Inflammatory Potential, and Acute Toxicity Study of Thymus leptobotrys Murb. Extracts

“…Oxidative stress causes significant damage that accelerates cellular aging. This aging process leads to serious pathologies such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative disease, inflammation, digestive diseases, and metabolic syndrome [ 1 – 3 ]. Several situations in daily life lead to the production of free radicals responsible for oxidative stress.…”