<i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i>: An Evaluation of Virulence Theories

Xu, Liangsheng; Li, Guoqing; Jiāng, Dàohóng; Chen, Weidong

doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050052

Cited by 81 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…The compound appressorium is essential for S. sclerotiorum infection of host tissues. Several genes, such as SMK3, , are involved in the formation of compound appressoria Xu et al, 2018). Here, the expression of these genes changed only slightly in DT-8 compared with DT-8VF at different sampling stages after leaf inoculation ( Figure 3B-3D).…”

Section: Sshadv-1 Downregulates the Expression Of Virulence-associatementioning

confidence: 86%

“…Two endo-PG genes, Sspg5 and Sspg6, were upregulated in DT-8. Their expression has been reported in the late stage of infection by virulent strains: Sspg5 was expressed at 48-72 hpi, and Sspg6 was expressed after 24 hpi (Xu et al, 2018).…”

Section: Sshadv-1 Downregulates the Expression Of Virulence-associatementioning

confidence: 87%

“…The well-studied PCWDEs in S. sclerotiorum are polygalacturonases (PGs), including endo-PGs (Sspg1, Sspg3, Sspg5, and Sspg6) and exo-PGs (Ssxpg1 and Ssxpg2). In addition, the PCWDEs endo-b-1,4-glucanase (Endo2) and endo-b-1,4-xylanase (SsXyl1) also play an important role in the virulence of S. sclerotiorum (Xu et al, 2018). Compared with the virulent strain DT-8VF, DT-8 showed downregulated expression of Sspg1, Sspg3, Ssxpg1, Ssxpg2, Endo2, and SsXyl1.…”

Section: Sshadv-1 Downregulates the Expression Of Virulence-associatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a typical necrotrophic pathogen with numerous hosts, including many economically important crops such as rapeseed, soybean, and sunflower (Bolton et al, 2006;Amselem et al, 2011). S. sclerotiorum has developed intricate mechanisms to attack its hosts (Xu et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2020) whereby lesions develop and the host is killed within a few days. S. sclerotiorum can infect the aerial parts of plants by means of ascospores that initially infect petals and wounded or senescent tissue; it can also infect roots or stem bases by means of infectious hyphae that germinate from sclerotia in the soil (Bolton et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A 2-kb Mycovirus Converts a Pathogenic Fungus into a Beneficial Endophyte for Brassica Protection and Yield Enhancement

et al. 2020

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Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi, and hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses have the potential to control fungal diseases. However, it is unclear how mycovirus-mediated hypovirulent strains live and survive in the field, and no mycovirus has been applied for field crop protection. In this study, we found that a previously identified small DNA mycovirus (SsHADV-1) can convert its host, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, from a typical necrotrophic pathogen to a beneficial endophytic fungus. SsHADV-1 downregulates the expression of key pathogenicity factor genes in S. sclerotiorum during infection. When growing in rapeseed, the SsHADV-1-infected strain DT-8 significantly regulates the expression of rapeseed genes involved in defense, hormone signaling, and circadian rhythm pathways. As a result, plant growth is promoted and disease resistance is enhanced. Field experiments showed that spraying DT-8 at the early flowering stage can reduce the disease severity of rapeseed stem rot by 67.6% and improve yield by 14.9%. Moreover, we discovered that SsHADV-1 could also infect other S. sclerotiorum strains on DT-8-inoculated plants and that DT-8 could be recovered from dead plants. These findings suggest that the mycoviruses may have the ability to shape the origin of endophytism. Our discoveries suggest that mycoviruses may influence the origin of endophytism and may also offer a novel strategy for disease control in which mycovirus-infected strains are used to improve crop health and release mycoviruses into the field.

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Section: Sshadv-1 Downregulates the Expression Of Virulence-associatementioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Sshadv-1 Downregulates the Expression Of Virulence-associatementioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Sshadv-1 Downregulates the Expression Of Virulence-associatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A 2-kb Mycovirus Converts a Pathogenic Fungus into a Beneficial Endophyte for Brassica Protection and Yield Enhancement

et al. 2020

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“…Oxalic acid (OA) has by far been the most studied S. sclerotiorum virulence factor to date [12,13]. OA plays multiple roles in virulence of S. sclerotiorum, manipulating the host redox environment [13], inducing programmed cell death [14], detoxifying calcium, and mediating pH signaling [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum interaction with resistant and susceptible canola (Brassica napus) lines

et al. 2020

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Sclerotinia stem rot is an economically important disease of canola (Brassica napus) and is caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This study evaluated the differential gene expression patterns of S. sclerotiorum during disease development on two canola lines differing in susceptibility to this pathogen. Sequencing of the mRNA libraries derived from inoculated petioles and mycelium grown on liquid medium generated approximately 164 million Illumina reads, including 95 million 75-bp-single reads, and 69 million 50-bp-paired end reads. Overall, 36% of the quality filter-passed reads were mapped to the S. sclerotiorum reference genome. On the susceptible line, 1301 and 1214 S. sclerotiorum genes were differentially expressed at early (8-16 hours post inoculation (hpi)) and late (24-48 hpi) infection stages, respectively, while on the resistant line, 1311 and 1335 genes were differentially expressed at these stages, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) categories associated with cell wall degradation, detoxification of host metabolites, peroxisome related activities like fatty acid ß-oxidation, glyoxylate cycle, oxidoreductase activity were significantly enriched in the up-regulated gene sets on both susceptible and resistant lines. Quantitative RT-PCR of six selected DEGs further validated the RNA-seq differential gene expression analysis. The regulation of effector genes involved in host defense suppression or evasion during the early infection stage, and the expression of effectors involved in host cell death in the late stage of infection provide supporting evidence for a two-phase infection model involving a brief biotrophic phase during early stages of infection. The findings from this study emphasize the role of peroxisome related pathways along with cell wall degradation and detoxification of host metabolites as the key mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of S. sclerotiorum on B. napus.

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Broad host‐range pathogens as bioherbicides: managing nontarget plant disease risk

Bourdôt

Casonato

2023

Pest Management Science

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Plant pathogens with a broad host range are commercially more attractive as microbial bioherbicides than strictly host‐specific pathogens as a result of the wider market potential of a product capable of controlling multiple species. However, the perceived spatiotemporal disease risk to nontarget plants is a barrier to their adoption for weed control. We consider two approaches to managing this risk. First, we consider safety zones and withholding periods for bioherbicide treatment sites. These must ensure inoculum spreading from, or surviving at the site, exposes nontarget plants to no more inoculum than from natural sources. They can be determined using simple dispersal models. We show that a ratio of added:natural inoculum of 1.0 is biologically reasonable as an ‘acceptable risk’ and a sound basis for safety zones and withholding periods. These would be analogous to the ‘conditions of use’ for synthetic chemical herbicides aimed at minimizing collateral damage to susceptible plants from spray drift and persistent soil residues. Second, weed‐specific isolates of broad host‐range pathogens may avoid the need for safety zones and withholding periods. Such isolates have been found in many broad host‐range pathogen species. Their utilization as bioherbicides may more easily meet the requirements of regulators. Mixtures of different weed‐specific isolates of a pathogen could provide bioherbicides with commercially attractive spectrums of weed control activity. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: An Evaluation of Virulence Theories

Cited by 81 publications

References 147 publications

A 2-kb Mycovirus Converts a Pathogenic Fungus into a Beneficial Endophyte for Brassica Protection and Yield Enhancement

A 2-kb Mycovirus Converts a Pathogenic Fungus into a Beneficial Endophyte for Brassica Protection and Yield Enhancement

Transcriptome analysis of the plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum interaction with resistant and susceptible canola (Brassica napus) lines

Broad host‐range pathogens as bioherbicides: managing nontarget plant disease risk

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