Sp8andSp9, two closely relatedbuttonhead-like transcription factors, regulateFgf8expression and limb outgrowth in vertebrate embryos

Kawakami, Yasuhiko; Esteban, Concepción Rodrı́guez; Matsui, Takaaki; Rodríguez-León, Joaquín; Kato, Shigeaki; Belmonte, Juan Carlos Izpisúa

doi:10.1242/dev.01331

Cited by 158 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…These antigens are not expressed in uninjured epidermis, indicating that they are specific to regeneration. The gene for Sp9 , a transcription factor that plays a key role in amniote limb development by its positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) expression (Kawakami et al., 2004), is also expressed in the wound epidermis of regenerating axolotl limbs and may be involved in formation of the AEC (Satoh, Cummings, Bryant, & Gardiner, 2010a). Epidermal ion channels generate early signals obligatory for blastema formation, including Na + influx/H + efflux (Adams, Masi, & Levin, 2007; Jenkins, Duerstock, & Borgens, 1996).…”

Section: Formation Of the Accumulation Blastemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Stocum

2017

Regeneration

109

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This review explores the historical and current state of our knowledge about urodele limb regeneration. Topics discussed are (1) blastema formation by the proteolytic histolysis of limb tissues to release resident stem cells and mononucleate cells that undergo dedifferentiation, cell cycle entry and accumulation under the apical epidermal cap. (2) The origin, phenotypic memory, and positional memory of blastema cells. (3) The role played by macrophages in the early events of regeneration. (4) The role of neural and AEC factors and interaction between blastema cells in mitosis and distalization. (5) Models of pattern formation based on the results of axial reversal experiments, experiments on the regeneration of half and double half limbs, and experiments using retinoic acid to alter positional identity of blastema cells. (6) Possible mechanisms of distalization during normal and intercalary regeneration. (7) Is pattern formation is a self‐organizing property of the blastema or dictated by chemical signals from adjacent tissues? (8) What is the future for regenerating a human limb?

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Section: Formation Of the Accumulation Blastemamentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Stocum

2017

Regeneration

109

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“…In mice, mutation of sp8 caused severe truncations of the limbs and tail and defective brain and abnormal olfactory development (14)(15)(16)(17). Limb/fin outgrowth in chick and zebrafish embryos also employs sp8 (18), suggesting the conserved function of sp8 across phylogeny. In Xenopus, the gene was identified as a target of sox17 (19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sp8 regulates inner ear development

Chung

Medina-Ruiz

Harland

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A forward genetic screen of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenized Xenopus tropicalis has identified an inner ear mutant named eclipse (ecl). Mutants developed enlarged otic vesicles and various defects of otoconia development; they also showed abnormal circular and inverted swimming patterns. Positional cloning identified specificity protein 8 (sp8), which was previously found to regulate limb and brain development. Two different loss-of-function approaches using transcription activator-like effector nucleases and morpholino oligonucleotides confirmed that the ecl mutant phenotype is caused by down-regulation of sp8. Depletion of sp8 resulted in otic dysmorphogenesis, such as uncompartmentalized and enlarged otic vesicles, epithelial dilation with abnormal sensory end organs. When overexpressed, sp8 was sufficient to induce ectopic otic vesicles possessing sensory hair cells, neurofilament innervation in a thickened sensory epithelium, and otoconia, all of which are found in the endogenous otic vesicle. We propose that sp8 is an important factor for initiation and elaboration of inner ear development.T he vertebrate inner ear is a sensory organ responsible for balance and sound detection. Dysfunction of the inner ear is among the most common congenital disorders, affecting at least 1 in 500 births (1) and ∼40% of sensorineural deafness is associated with inner ear malformations (2). However, the study of hearing and balance impairment in humans is limited by the inability to follow inner ear development. Vertebrates share similarities in the sequence of developmental events that form the inner ear: the formation of an otic placode from an ectodermal thickening, morphogenesis to form the otocyst, and regional patterning of the otic vesicle (OV), resulting in the 3D membranous labyrinth (3, 4). Multipotent sensory progenitor cells are induced in the ectoderm surrounding the anterior neural plate, a domain termed the preplacodal region (PPR), and six1 has been characterized as marking this panplacodal domain. Signals from hindbrain and the regional expression of different transcription factors differentiate the PPR into the otic placode. The OV is partitioned by asymmetrical expression of various developmental regulators to pattern subdomains of the developing inner ear.The abilities of Xenopus to elucidate the cellular and molecular aspects of developmental processes position it as a valuable model organism (5-7). Earlier studies of lineage analysis and spatiotemporal expression of transcription factors during inner ear development led to construction of an inner ear fate map in Xenopus and this fate map allows us to interpret gene expression patterns within the context of the anatomy (8, 9). In recent years, genetic and genomic approaches have been developed in Xenopus tropicalis (10-13). To advance our understanding of inner ear development, we have screened N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenized X. tropicalis colonies and recovered an inner ear mutant named eclipse (ecl). The ecl mutant perturbs specificity protei...

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“…S2C-E 0 ). This temporal and spatial pattern very much resembles that of fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF8), a growth factor that is in the SP8 pathway (Kawakami et al, 2004). Mice with targeted deletion of Sp8 have a very severe forebrain phenotype due to failure of closure of the anterior neuropore (Bell et al, 2003).…”

Section: Markers Of the Nasal Pit Identified As Part Of The Frontonasmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…However, because it is very likely that the facial abnormalities are secondary to abnormal development of the telencephalon, a conditional targeting experiment is necessary to really determine the requirement for SP8 in facial development. The prediction is that because SP8 lies in the same pathway as FGF8 (Kawakami et al, 2004), similar truncations of the facial skeleton would result (Trumpp et al, 1999).…”

Section: Markers Of the Nasal Pit Identified As Part Of The Frontonasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole genome microarray analysis of chicken embryo facial prominences

Buchtová

Kuo

Nimmagadda

et al. 2010

Developmental Dynamics

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The face is one of the three regions most frequently affected by congenital defects in humans. To understand the molecular mechanisms involved, it is necessary to have a more complete picture of gene expression in the embryo. Here, we use microarrays to profile expression in chicken facial prominences, post neural crest migration and before differentiation of mesenchymal cells. Chip-wide analysis revealed that maxillary and mandibular prominences had similar expression profiles while the frontonasal mass chips were distinct. Of the 3094 genes that were differentially expressed in one or more regions of the face, a group of 56 genes was subsequently validated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) and a subset examined with in situ hybridization. Microarrays trends were consistent with the QPCR data for the majority of genes (81%). On the basis of QPCR and microarray data, groups of genes that characterize each of the facial prominences can be determined. Developmental Dynamics 239:574-591,

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Sp8andSp9, two closely relatedbuttonhead-like transcription factors, regulateFgf8expression and limb outgrowth in vertebrate embryos

Cited by 158 publications

References 57 publications

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Mechanisms of urodele limb regeneration

Sp8 regulates inner ear development

Whole genome microarray analysis of chicken embryo facial prominences

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