1964
DOI: 10.1063/1.3051556
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The Adiabatic Motion of Charged Particles

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Cited by 300 publications
(491 citation statements)
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“…Finally, for = 1 we observe almost chaotic behavior of both almost field-aligned and near-equatorial electrons in the vicinity of the equator-the magnetic moment (i.e., 0 ) is not an adiabatic invariant anymore [Northrop, 1963;Sivukhin, 1965] and pitch angle scattering is extremely strong. Particle trajectories in this case resemble Speiser orbits [Speiser, 1965[Speiser, , 1967 described by many authors [see Chen, 1992;Zelenyi et al, 2013, and references therein].…”
Section: Model Of the Electron Scatteringmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Finally, for = 1 we observe almost chaotic behavior of both almost field-aligned and near-equatorial electrons in the vicinity of the equator-the magnetic moment (i.e., 0 ) is not an adiabatic invariant anymore [Northrop, 1963;Sivukhin, 1965] and pitch angle scattering is extremely strong. Particle trajectories in this case resemble Speiser orbits [Speiser, 1965[Speiser, , 1967 described by many authors [see Chen, 1992;Zelenyi et al, 2013, and references therein].…”
Section: Model Of the Electron Scatteringmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The violation of adiabaticity of the charged particle motion results in a jump of the magnetic moment Δ (in this paper we use the relativistic adiabatic invariant = p 2 ∕Bm where p = mc √ 2 − 1, is the gamma factor, m is the rest mass of the charged particle, B is the magnetic field amplitude, see details in Northrop [1963] and Sivukhin [1965]). In the case of accurate consideration of behavior along the trajectory, one can find that the jump Δ is a sum of many small changes of [Slutskin, 1964].…”
Section: Model Of the Electron Scatteringmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The kinetic description and its application to calculating plasma current will be presented in a coming paper. It is known from the guiding center motion approximation that as a trapped particle bounces up and down along a field line, its guiding center drifts across field lines a distance of the order of one gyroradius [Northrop, 1963;Roedeter, 1970]. The motion of the guiding center is commonly described as a bounce along the so-called guiding field line, a field line that moves at the bounce-averaged drift rate.…”
Section: Paper Number 1999ja000148mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The second term is the current parallel to the field line due to the wobble of particle's guiding center illustrated in With the guiding center approximation, Northrop [1961Northrop [ , 1963 has proved that the current density in a collisionless plasma is given by j =nq((u+vllb))av+ V x M s…”
Section: Examplesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This can be easily understood by means of the magnetic moment It -Wñ/IB I of a particle, where Wñ -p2•/2m denotes the kinetic energy associated with the momentum pñ perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field B. For a wide range of field configurations and kinetic energies, It can be shown to be constant along particle orbits [Alfv•n, 1950; Northrop, 1963] and thus has been termed the "first adiabatic invariant." Consequently, the perpendicular kinetic energy Wñ increases when a particle moves into regions of larger field strength, B --IBI, just as spiraling particles do in converging field configurations.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%