<i>The Effects of Weapons of Mass Destruction on Children</i>

Mueller, Carolyn R.

doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2006.00053.x

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Being closer to the ground, children are more exposed to chemical agents. In addition, small children are at especially high risk from chemical agents as they have a higher body-surface-area-to-mass ratio; skin that is more permeable, and high metabolic and respiratory rates [ 24 – 26 ]. The first reaction to bombing is to take shelter, but people are often unaware that they must also close doors, windows and air vents to prevent gas entering [ 7 ].…”

Section: Consequences Of Chemical Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological findings of major chemical attacks in the Syrian war are consistent with civilian targeting: a short report

2018

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Evidence of use of toxic gas chemical weapons in the Syrian war has been reported by governmental and non-governmental international organizations since the war started in March 2011. To date, the profiles of victims of the largest chemical attacks in Syria remain unknown. In this study, we used descriptive epidemiological analysis to describe demographic characteristics of victims of the largest chemical weapons attacks in the Syrian war.We analysed conflict-related, direct deaths from chemical weapons recorded in non-government-controlled areas by the Violation Documentation Center, occurring from March 18, 2011 to April 10, 2017, with complete information on the victim’s date and place of death, cause and demographic group. ‘Major’ chemical weapons events were defined as events causing ten or more direct deaths.As of April 10, 2017, a total of 1206 direct deaths meeting inclusion criteria were recorded in the dataset from all chemical weapons attacks regardless of size. Five major chemical weapons attacks caused 1084 of these documented deaths. Civilians comprised the majority (n = 1058, 97.6%) of direct deaths from major chemical weapons attacks in Syria and combatants comprised a minority of 2.4% (n = 26). In the first three major chemical weapons attacks, which occurred in 2013, children comprised 13%–14% of direct deaths, ranging in numbers from 2 deaths among 14 to 117 deaths among 923. Children comprised higher proportions of direct deaths in later major chemical weapons attacks, forming 21% (n = 7) of 33 deaths in the 2016 major attack and 34.8% (n = 32) of 92 deaths in the 2017 major attack.Our finding of an extreme disparity in direct deaths from major chemical weapons attacks in Syria, with 97.6% of victims being civilians and only 2.4% being combatants provides evidence that major chemical weapons attacks were indiscriminate or targeted civilians directly; both violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Identifying and quantifying chemical weapons violations requires inter-disciplinary collaboration to inform international policy, humanitarian intervention and legal action.

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Section: Consequences Of Chemical Attacksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological findings of major chemical attacks in the Syrian war are consistent with civilian targeting: a short report

2018

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“…The papers were categorised into three phases on CBRNe response: evacuation (Manley et al, 2016); triage (Lynch and Thomas, 2004;Lyle et al, 2009;Lemyre et al, 2010); and decontamination (Taylor et al, 2008;Mueller, 2005;Heon and Foltin, 2009;Egan and Amlôt, 2012;Abraham, 2014;Waller, 2010;Li et al, 2015…”

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive (CBRNe) events

Hignett

Hancox

Otter

2019

IJES

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To systematically review published literature for the research question 'what issues are considered (and changes made) for vulnerable groups as part of the Chemical. Biological, Radiological, Nuclear or explosive (CBRNe) response for casualty collection, decontamination, triage and casualty clearing processes?' Design: Seven-stage framework from the PRISMA statement for research question, eligibility (definition), search, identification of relevant papers from title and abstract, selection and retrieval of papers, appraisal and synthesis.

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International Journal of Emergency Services

Wankhade¹,

Murphy²

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The Effects of Weapons of Mass Destruction on Children

Abstract: Understanding the additional physiologic and situational needs of children, nurses can optimize the survival and outcomes of children when disaster strikes.

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Epidemiological findings of major chemical attacks in the Syrian war are consistent with civilian targeting: a short report

Epidemiological findings of major chemical attacks in the Syrian war are consistent with civilian targeting: a short report

Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive (CBRNe) events

International Journal of Emergency Services

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