<i>The Sea Around Us</i>

Carson, Rachel

doi:10.1063/1.3067318

Cited by 159 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These particles are conglomerated by exocellular polymers and physical/chemical forces (23) and, once achieving a critical size, sink to the ocean and estuary floor. Visible aggregates are termed "marine snow," after the "long snowfall" of sedimentary material described by Rachel Carson (23)(24)(25).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Vibrio vulnificus into Marine Aggregates and Its Subsequent Uptake by Crassostrea virginica Oysters

Froelich

Ayrapetyan

Oliver

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Marine aggregates are naturally forming conglomerations of larvacean houses, phytoplankton, microbes, and inorganics adhered together by exocellular polymers. In this study, we show in vitro that the bacterial pathogen Vibrio vulnificus can be concentrated into laboratory-generated aggregates from surrounding water. We further show that environmental (E-genotype) strains exhibit significantly more integration into these aggregates than clinical (C-genotype) strains. Experiments where marine aggregates with attached V. vulnificus cells were fed to oysters (Crassostrea virginica) resulted in greater uptake of both C and E types than nonaggregated controls. When C-and E-genotype strains were cocultured in competitive experiments, the aggregated E-genotype strains exhibited significantly greater uptake by oyster than the C-genotype strains. Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium capable of causing gastroenteritis, wound infections, and fatal septicemia in humans (1-3). It is routinely found in waters of estuarine environments as part of the normal microflora, as well as in oysters and other shellfish inhabiting those estuaries (3). V. vulnificus infection is the leading cause of seafood-borne deaths in the United States, usually resulting from the consumption of raw or undercooked oysters (3). Infections caused by ingestion commonly result in primary septicemia, almost always require hospitalization, and have a fatality rate of greater than 50% (3, 4). Wound infections usually result from exposure of open wounds to seawater containing the bacterium and can progress to fatal necrotizing fasciitis (5, 6).V. vulnificus exhibits high genotypic and phenotypic variation (3) and is divided into two genotypes, a difference originally discovered by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR analysis of strains from both clinical and environmental sources (7). In this classification system, a gene designated vcg (virulence-correlated gene) was found to have two variations (8). One allele (vcgC) correlates highly with strains obtained from clinical sources and is designated the C genotype, while the other (vcgE) is correlated with environmentally isolated strains and is designated the E genotype (7,8).Over 95% of infections resulting in septicemia caused by V. vulnificus involve the consumption of raw oysters, with the remainder arising from ingestion of steamed oysters and clams (3). While millions of people in the United States eat raw oysters (9), if a consumer is afflicted with a predisposing condition, such as liver impairment or immune system dysfunction (10), the risk for infection increases 80-fold (11). Even considering these two facts, it is surprising that there are only ca. 40 primary septicemia cases reported per year (10). Usually, oysters predominately contain the E-genotype strains of V. vulnificus, which is likely a factor in the low number of infections (12-18).A study comparing the population dynamics of the V. vulnificus genotypes revealed an interesting phenomenon. While Warner and Oliver (...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Vibrio vulnificus into Marine Aggregates and Its Subsequent Uptake by Crassostrea virginica Oysters

Froelich

Ayrapetyan

Oliver

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Antes de 1962, ela publicara ao menos outros três livros (ver, entre eles, Carson, 1941;1950), cujas narrativas e foco eram inteiramente diferentes de Silent Spring. Tratava-se de textos que a inseriam no que hoje se chama -quase sempre pejorativamente -de campo "naturalista".…”

Section: Poluição E Contaminação -De Passarinhos Peixes E Pessoasunclassified

A primazia dos cientistas naturais na construção da agenda ambiental contemporânea

Drummond¹

2006

Rev. bras. Ci. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroduçãoEste texto tem o objetivo de mostrar que a agenda ambiental contemporânea foi construída quase integralmente por cientistas filiados às ciên-cias naturais ou tecnológicas. Considero, por conseqüência, que os cientistas sociais chegaram a ela de forma retardatária e, por vezes, parcialmente equivocada. Este texto foi motivado por uma antiga constatação de ordem pessoal, qual seja, a de que os cientistas sociais em geral resistem à primazia dos cientistas naturais na questão ambiental, e por isso se permitem ignorar suas contribuições, ou -o que dá no mesmo -criticá-las de forma errada e empobrecedora.Não sustento que quem "chegou primeiro" tenha toda a virtude, nem que quem "chegou depois" careça de qualquer virtude, pois não se trata de uma corrida, e sim de um processo de construção do conhecimento. A "lição" mais relevante a tirar desse fato é prosaica: os cientistas sociais interessados em estudar a questão ambiental têm e continuarão a ter muito a aprender com os cientistas naturais. Embora o inverso também seja verdadeiro, em muitos casos foram os próprios cientistas sociais que, infelizmente, contribuíram para enquadrar os pioneiros da questão ambiental em rótulos desqualificantes e equivocados -tais como serem "insensíveis aos problemas sociais", "neomalthusianos", "naturalistas", "preocupados apenas com plantas e animais" e assim por diante.

show abstract

“…The idea of stewardship based on an underlying ethic has been examined extensively in environmental philosophy (Welchman 1999;Fernandes and Guiomar 2016). Take, for example, the classic "A Sand County Almanac" wherein Aldo Leopold argues eloquently for a "land ethic" (Leopold 1966) and similar volumes focused on the marine environment such as "The Sea Around Us" (Carson 1951) and "Values at Sea" (Dallmeyer 2003). These and similar texts suggest that an ethic of care, which is rooted in connections to non-human species, environments or special places, will motivate people to take stewardship actions.…”

Section: Motivations: the Rationale And Will For Stewardshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Stewardship: A Conceptual Review and Analytical Framework

Bennett¹,

Whitty²,

Finkbeiner³

et al. 2018

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There has been increasing attention to and investment in local environmental stewardship in conservation and environmental management policies and programs globally. Yet environmental stewardship has not received adequate conceptual attention. Establishing a clear definition and comprehensive analytical framework could strengthen our ability to understand the factors that lead to the success or failure of environmental stewardship in different contexts and how to most effectively support and enable local efforts. Here we propose such a definition and framework. First, we define local environmental stewardship as the actions taken by individuals, groups or networks of actors, with various motivations and levels of capacity, to protect, care for or responsibly use the environment in pursuit of environmental and/or social outcomes in diverse social–ecological contexts. Next, drawing from a review of the environmental stewardship, management and governance literatures, we unpack the elements of this definition to develop an analytical framework that can facilitate research on local environmental stewardship. Finally, we discuss potential interventions and leverage points for promoting or supporting local stewardship and future applications of the framework to guide descriptive, evaluative, prescriptive or systematic analysis of environmental stewardship. Further application of this framework in diverse environmental and social contexts is recommended to refine the elements and develop insights that will guide and improve the outcomes of environmental stewardship initiatives and investments. Ultimately, our aim is to raise the profile of environmental stewardship as a valuable and holistic concept for guiding productive and sustained relationships with the environment.

show abstract

The Sea Around Us

Cited by 159 publications

References 0 publications

Integration of Vibrio vulnificus into Marine Aggregates and Its Subsequent Uptake by Crassostrea virginica Oysters

Integration of Vibrio vulnificus into Marine Aggregates and Its Subsequent Uptake by Crassostrea virginica Oysters

A primazia dos cientistas naturais na construção da agenda ambiental contemporânea

Environmental Stewardship: A Conceptual Review and Analytical Framework

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About